# Sphinx 2.0.10-release reference manual

## Free open-source SQL full-text search engine

Copyright © 2001-2014 Andrew Aksyonoff

Copyright © 2008-2014 Sphinx Technologies Inc, http://sphinxsearch.com

List of Examples

3.1. Ranged query usage example
3.2. XMLpipe document stream
3.3. xmlpipe2 document stream
3.4. Fully automated live updates
4.1. RT index declaration
5.1. Boolean query example
5.2. Extended matching mode: query example

## Chapter 1. Introduction

## 1.1. About

Sphinx is a full-text search engine, publicly distributed under GPL version 2. Commercial licensing (eg. for embedded use) is available upon request.

Technically, Sphinx is a standalone software package provides fast and relevant full-text search functionality to client applications. It was specially designed to integrate well with SQL databases storing the data, and to be easily accessed by scripting languages. However, Sphinx does not depend on nor require any specific database to function.

Applications can access Sphinx search daemon (searchd) using any of the three different access methods: a) via Sphinx own implementation of MySQL network protocol (using a small SQL subset called SphinxQL, this is recommended way), b) via native search API (SphinxAPI) or c) via MySQL server with a pluggable storage engine (SphinxSE).

Official native SphinxAPI implementations for PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby and Java are included within the distribution package. API is very lightweight so porting it to a new language is known to take a few hours or days. Third party API ports and plugins exist for Perl, C#, Haskell, Ruby-on-Rails, and possibly other languages and frameworks.

Starting from version 1.10-beta, Sphinx supports two different indexing backends: "disk" index backend, and "realtime" (RT) index backend. Disk indexes support online full-text index rebuilds, but online updates can only be done on non-text (attribute) data. RT indexes additionally allow for online full-text index updates. Previous versions only supported disk indexes.

Data can be loaded into disk indexes using a so-called data source. Built-in sources can fetch data directly from MySQL, PostgreSQL, MSSQL, ODBC compliant database (Oracle, etc) or a custom XML format. Adding new data sources drivers (eg. to natively support other DBMSes) is designed to be as easy as possible. RT indexes, as of 1.10-beta, can only be populated using SphinxQL.

As for the name, Sphinx is an acronym which is officially decoded as SQL Phrase Index. Yes, I know about CMU's Sphinx project.

## 1.2. Sphinx features

Key Sphinx features are:

- high indexing and searching performance;
- advanced indexing and querying tools (flexible and feature-rich text tokenizer, querying language, several different ranking modes, etc);
- advanced result set post-processing (SELECT with expressions, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY etc over text search results);
- proven scalability up to billions of documents, terabytes of data, and thousands of queries per second;
- easy integration with SQL and XML data sources, and SphinxAPI, SphinxQL, or SphinxSE search interfaces;
- easy scaling with distributed searches.

To expand a bit, Sphinx:

- has high indexing speed (upto 10-15 MB/sec per core on an internal benchmark);
- has high search speed (upto 150-250 queries/sec per core against 1,000,000 documents, 1.2 GB of data on an internal benchmark);
- has high scalability (biggest known cluster indexes over 3,000,000,000 documents, and busiest one peaks over 50,000,000 queries/day);
- provides good relevance ranking through combination of phrase proximity ranking and statistical (BM25) ranking;
- provides distributed searching capabilities;
- provides document excerpts (snippets) generation;
- provides searching from within application with SphinxAPI or SphinxQL interfaces, and from within MySQL with pluggable SphinxSE storage engine;
- supports boolean, phrase, word proximity and other types of queries;
- supports multiple full-text fields per document (upto 32 by default);
- supports multiple additional attributes per document (ie. groups, timestamps, etc);
- supports stopwords;
- supports morphological word forms dictionaries;
- supports tokenizing exceptions;
- supports both single-byte encodings and UTF-8;
- supports stemming (stemmers for English, Russian and Czech are built-in; and stemmers for French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Finnish, Hungarian, are available by building third party libstemmer library);
- supports MySQL natively (all types of tables, including MyISAM, InnoDB, NDB, Archive, etc are supported);
- supports PostgreSQL natively;
- supports ODBC compliant databases (MS SQL, Oracle, etc) natively;
- ...has 50+ other features not listed here, refer to API and configuration manual!

## 1.3. Where to get Sphinx

Sphinx is available through its official Web site at http://sphinxsearch.com/.

Currently, Sphinx distribution tarball includes the following software:

- `indexer`: an utility which creates fulltext indexes;
- `search`: a simple command-line (CLI) test utility which searches through fulltext indexes;
- `searchd`: a daemon which enables external software (eg. Web applications) to search through fulltext indexes;
- `sphinxapi`: a set of searchd client API libraries for popular Web scripting languages (PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby).
- `spelldump`: a simple command-line tool to extract the items from an `ispell` or `MySpell` (as bundled with OpenOffice) format dictionary to help customize your index, for use with wordforms.
- `indextool`: an utility to dump miscellaneous debug information about the index, added in version 0.9.9-rc2.

## 1.4. License

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. See COPYING file for details.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA

Non-GPL licensing (for OEM/ISV embedded use) can also be arranged, please contact us to discuss commercial licensing possibilities.

## 1.5. Credits

### Author

Sphinx initial author (and a benevolent dictator ever since):

- Andrew Aksyonoff, http://shodan.ru

### Team

Past and present employees of Sphinx Technologies Inc who should be noted on their work on Sphinx (in alphabetical order):

- Adam Rice
- Adrian Nuta
- Alexander Klimenko
- Alexey Dvoichenkov
- Alexey Vinogradov
- Anton Tsitlionok
- Eugene Kosov
- Gloria Vinogradova
- Ilya Kuznetsov
- Kirill Shmatov
- Rich Kelm
- Stanislav Klinov
- Steven Barker
- Vladimir Fedorkov
- Yuri Schapov

### Contributors

People who contributed to Sphinx and their contributions (in no particular order):

- Robert "coredev" Bengtsson (Sweden), initial version of PostgreSQL data source
- Len Kranendonk, Perl API
- Dmytro Shteflyuk, Ruby API

Many other people have contributed ideas, bug reports, fixes, etc. Thank you!

## 1.6. History

Sphinx development was started back in 2001, because I didn't manage to find an acceptable search solution (for a database driven Web site) which would meet my requirements. Actually, each and every important aspect was a problem:

- search quality (ie. good relevance)

  - statistical ranking methods performed rather bad, especially on large collections of small documents (forums, blogs, etc)

- search speed

  - especially if searching for phrases which contain stopwords, as in "to be or not to be"

- moderate disk and CPU requirements when indexing

  - important in shared hosting enivronment, not to mention the indexing speed.

Despite the amount of time passed and numerous improvements made in the other solutions, there's still no solution which I personally would be eager to migrate to.

Considering that and a lot of positive feedback received from Sphinx users during last years, the obvious decision is to continue developing Sphinx (and, eventually, to take over the world).

## Chapter 2. Installation

## 2.1. Supported systems

Sphinx can be compiled either from source or installed using prebuilt packages. Most modern UNIX systems with a C++ compiler should be able to compile and run Sphinx without any modifications.

Currently known systems Sphinx has been successfully running on are:

- Linux 2.4.x, 2.6.x, 3.x (many various distributions)
- Windows 2000, XP, 7, 8
- FreeBSD 4.x, 5.x, 6.x, 7.x, 8.x
- NetBSD 1.6, 3.0
- Solaris 9, 11
- Mac OS X

CPU architectures known to work include i386 (aka x86), amd64 (aka x86_64), SPARC64, and ARM.

Chances are good that Sphinx should work on other Unix platforms and/or CPU architectures just as well. Please report any other platforms that worked for you!

All platforms are production quality. There are no principal functional limitations on any platform.

## 2.2. Compiling Sphinx from source

### 2.2.1. Required tools

On UNIX, you will need the following tools to build and install Sphinx:

- a working C++ compiler. GNU gcc and clang are known to work.
- a good make program. GNU make is known to work.

On Windows, you will need Microsoft Visual C/C++ Studio .NET 2005 or above. Other compilers/environments will probably work as well, but for the time being, you will have to build makefile (or other environment specific project files) manually.

### 2.2.2. Compiling on Linux

1. Extract everything from the distribution tarball (haven't you already?) and go to the `sphinx` subdirectory. (We are using version 2.0.10-release here for the sake of example only; be sure to change this to a specific version you're using.)

   `$ tar xzvf sphinx-2.0.10-release.tar.gz
   $ cd sphinx
   `

2. Run the configuration program:

   `$ ./configure`

   There's a number of options to configure. The complete listing may be obtained by using `--help` switch. The most important ones are:

   - `--prefix`, which specifies where to install Sphinx; such as `--prefix=/usr/local/sphinx` (all of the examples use this prefix)
   - `--with-mysql`, which specifies where to look for MySQL include and library files, if auto-detection fails;
   - `--with-static-mysql`, which builds Sphinx with statically linked MySQL support;
   - `--with-pgsql`, which specifies where to look for PostgreSQL include and library files.
   - `--with-static-pgsql`, which builds Sphinx with statically linked PostgreSQL support;

3. Build the binaries:

   `$ make`

4. Install the binaries in the directory of your choice: (defaults to `/usr/local/bin/` on *nix systems, but is overridden with `configure --prefix`)

   `$ make install`

### 2.2.3. Known compilation issues

If `configure` fails to locate MySQL headers and/or libraries, try checking for and installing `mysql-devel` package. On some systems, it is not installed by default.

If `make` fails with a message which look like

    /bin/sh: g++: command not found
    make[1]: *** [libsphinx_a-sphinx.o] Error 127

try checking for and installing `gcc-c++` package.

If you are getting compile-time errors which look like

    sphinx.cpp:67: error: invalid application of `sizeof' to
        incomplete type `Private::SizeError<false>'

this means that some compile-time type size check failed. The most probable reason is that off_t type is less than 64-bit on your system. As a quick hack, you can edit sphinx.h and replace off_t with DWORD in a typedef for SphOffset_t, but note that this will prohibit you from using full-text indexes larger than 2 GB. Even if the hack helps, please report such issues, providing the exact error message and compiler/OS details, so I could properly fix them in next releases.

If you keep getting any other error, or the suggestions above do not seem to help you, please don't hesitate to contact me.

## 2.3. Installing Sphinx packages on Debian and Ubuntu

There are two ways of getting Sphinx for Ubuntu: regular deb packages and the Launchpad PPA repository.

Deb packages:

1. Sphinx requires a few libraries to be installed on Debian/Ubuntu. Use apt-get to download and install these dependencies:

   `$ sudo apt-get install mysql-client unixodbc libpq5`

2. Now you can install Sphinx:

   `$ sudo dpkg -i sphinxsearch_2.0.10-release-0ubuntu11~precise_amd64.deb`

PPA repository (Ubuntu only).

Installing Sphinx is much easier from Sphinxsearch PPA repository, because you will get all dependencies and can also update Sphinx to the latest version with the same command.

1. First, add Sphinxsearch repository and update the list of packages:

   `$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:builds/sphinxsearch-stable`

   `$ sudo apt-get update`

2. Install/update sphinxsearch package:

   `$ sudo apt-get install sphinxsearch`

Sphinx `searchd` daemon can be started/stopped using service command:

`$ sudo service sphinxsearch start`

## 2.4. Installing Sphinx packages on RedHat and CentOS

Currently we distribute Sphinx RPMS and SRPMS on our website for both 5.x and 6.x versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, but they can be installed on CentOS as well.

1. Before installation make sure you have these packages installed:

   `$ yum install postgresql-libs unixODBC`

2. Download RedHat RPM from Sphinx website and install it:

   `$ rpm -Uhv sphinx-2.0.10-1.rhel6.x86_64.rpm`

3. After preparing configuration file (see Quick tour), you can start searchd daemon:

   `$ service searchd start`

## 2.5. Installing Sphinx on Windows

Installing Sphinx on a Windows server is often easier than installing on a Linux environment; unless you are preparing code patches, you can use the pre-compiled binary files from the Downloads area on the website.

1. Extract everything from the .zip file you have downloaded - `sphinx-2.0.10-release-win32.zip`, or `sphinx-2.0.10-release-win32-pgsql.zip` if you need PostgresSQL support as well. (We are using version 2.0.10-release here for the sake of example only; be sure to change this to a specific version you're using.) You can use Windows Explorer in Windows XP and up to extract the files, or a freeware package like 7Zip to open the archive.

   For the remainder of this guide, we will assume that the folders are unzipped into `C:\Sphinx`, such that `searchd.exe` can be found in `C:\Sphinx\bin\searchd.exe`. If you decide to use any different location for the folders or configuration file, please change it accordingly.

2. Edit the contents of sphinx.conf.in - specifically entries relating to @CONFDIR@ - to paths suitable for your system.

3. Install the `searchd` system as a Windows service:

   `C:\Sphinx\bin> C:\Sphinx\bin\searchd --install --config C:\Sphinx\sphinx.conf.in --servicename SphinxSearch`

4. The `searchd` service will now be listed in the Services panel within the Management Console, available from Administrative Tools. It will not have been started, as you will need to configure it and build your indexes with `indexer` before starting the service. A guide to do this can be found under Quick tour.

   During the next steps of the install (which involve running indexer pretty much as you would on Linux) you may find that you get an error relating to libmysql.dll not being found. If you have MySQL installed, you should find a copy of this library in your Windows directory, or sometimes in Windows\System32, or failing that in the MySQL core directories. If you do receive an error please copy libmysql.dll into the bin directory.

## 2.6. Quick Sphinx usage tour

All the example commands below assume that you installed Sphinx in `/usr/local/sphinx`, so `searchd` can be found in `/usr/local/sphinx/bin/searchd`.

To use Sphinx, you will need to:

1. Create a configuration file.

   Default configuration file name is `sphinx.conf`. All Sphinx programs look for this file in current working directory by default.

   Sample configuration file, `sphinx.conf.dist`, which has all the options documented, is created by `configure`. Copy and edit that sample file to make your own configuration: (assuming Sphinx is installed into `/usr/local/sphinx/`)

   `$ cd /usr/local/sphinx/etc
   $ cp sphinx.conf.dist sphinx.conf
   $ vi sphinx.conf`

   Sample configuration file is setup to index `documents` table from MySQL database `test`; so there's `example.sql` sample data file to populate that table with a few documents for testing purposes:

   `$ mysql -u test < /usr/local/sphinx/etc/example.sql`

2. Run the indexer to create full-text index from your data:

   `$ cd /usr/local/sphinx/etc
   $ /usr/local/sphinx/bin/indexer --all`

3. Query your newly created index!

Now query your indexes!

Connect to server:

`$ mysql -h0 -P9306`

`SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('my document');`

`INSERT INTO rt VALUES (1, 'this is a sample text', 11);`

`INSERT INTO rt VALUES (2, 'some more text here', 22);`

`SELECT gid/11 FROM rt WHERE MATCH('text') GROUP BY gid;`

`SELECT * FROM rt ORDER BY gid DESC;`

`SHOW TABLES;`

`SELECT *, WEIGHT() FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('"document one"/1');SHOW META;`

`SET profiling=1;SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE id IN (1,2,4);SHOW PROFILE;`

`SELECT id, id%3 idd FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('this is | nothing') GROUP BY idd;SHOW PROFILE;`

`SELECT id FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('is this a good plan?');SHOW PLAN;`

`SELECT COUNT(*) c, id%3 idd FROM test1 GROUP BY idd HAVING COUNT(*)>1;`

`SELECT COUNT(*) FROM test1;`

`CALL KEYWORDS ('one two three', 'test1');`

`CALL KEYWORDS ('one two three', 'test1', 1);`

Happy searching!

## Chapter 3. Indexing

## 3.1. Data sources

The data to be indexed can generally come from very different sources: SQL databases, plain text files, HTML files, mailboxes, and so on. From Sphinx point of view, the data it indexes is a set of structured documents, each of which has the same set of fields and attributes. This is similar to SQL, where each row would correspond to a document, and each column to either a field or an attribute.

Depending on what source Sphinx should get the data from, different code is required to fetch the data and prepare it for indexing. This code is called data source driver (or simply driver or data source for brevity).

At the time of this writing, there are built-in drivers for MySQL, PostgreSQL, MS SQL (on Windows), and ODBC. There is also a generic driver called xmlpipe, which runs a specified command and reads the data from its `stdout`. See Section 3.9, “xmlpipe data source” section for the format description.

There can be as many sources per index as necessary. They will be sequentially processed in the very same order which was specifed in index definition. All the documents coming from those sources will be merged as if they were coming from a single source.

## 3.2. Full-text fields

Full-text fields (or just fields for brevity) are the textual document contents that get indexed by Sphinx, and can be (quickly) searched for keywords.

Fields are named, and you can limit your searches to a single field (eg. search through "title" only) or a subset of fields (eg. to "title" and "abstract" only). Sphinx index format generally supports up to 256 fields. However, up to version 2.0.1-beta indexes were forcibly limited by 32 fields, because of certain complications in the matching engine. Full support for up to 256 fields was added in version 2.0.2-beta.

Note that the original contents of the fields are not stored in the Sphinx index. The text that you send to Sphinx gets processed, and a full-text index (a special data structure that enables quick searches for a keyword) gets built from that text. But the original text contents are then simply discarded. Sphinx assumes that you store those contents elsewhere anyway.

Moreover, it is impossible to fully reconstruct the original text, because the specific whitespace, capitalization, punctuation, etc will all be lost during indexing. It is theoretically possible to partially reconstruct a given document from the Sphinx full-text index, but that would be a slow process (especially if the CRC dictionary is used, which does not even store the original keywords and works with their hashes instead).

## 3.3. Attributes

Attributes are additional values associated with each document that can be used to perform additional filtering and sorting during search.

It is often desired to additionally process full-text search results based not only on matching document ID and its rank, but on a number of other per-document values as well. For instance, one might need to sort news search results by date and then relevance, or search through products within specified price range, or limit blog search to posts made by selected users, or group results by month. To do that efficiently, Sphinx allows to attach a number of additional attributes to each document, and store their values in the full-text index. It's then possible to use stored values to filter, sort, or group full-text matches.

Attributes, unlike the fields, are not full-text indexed. They are stored in the index, but it is not possible to search them as full-text, and attempting to do so results in an error.

For example, it is impossible to use the extended matching mode expression `@column 1` to match documents where column is 1, if column is an attribute, and this is still true even if the numeric digits are normally indexed.

Attributes can be used for filtering, though, to restrict returned rows, as well as sorting or result grouping; it is entirely possible to sort results purely based on attributes, and ignore the search relevance tools. Additionally, attributes are returned from the search daemon, while the indexed text is not.

A good example for attributes would be a forum posts table. Assume that only title and content fields need to be full-text searchable - but that sometimes it is also required to limit search to a certain author or a sub-forum (ie. search only those rows that have some specific values of author_id or forum_id columns in the SQL table); or to sort matches by post_date column; or to group matching posts by month of the post_date and calculate per-group match counts.

This can be achieved by specifying all the mentioned columns (excluding title and content, that are full-text fields) as attributes, indexing them, and then using API calls to setup filtering, sorting, and grouping. Here as an example.

### Example sphinx.conf part:

    ...
    sql_query = SELECT id, title, content, \
    	author_id, forum_id, post_date FROM my_forum_posts
    sql_attr_uint = author_id
    sql_attr_uint = forum_id
    sql_attr_timestamp = post_date
    ...

### Example application code (in PHP):

    // only search posts by author whose ID is 123
    $cl->SetFilter ( "author_id", array ( 123 ) );

    // only search posts in sub-forums 1, 3 and 7
    $cl->SetFilter ( "forum_id", array ( 1,3,7 ) );

    // sort found posts by posting date in descending order
    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_ATTR_DESC, "post_date" );

Attributes are named. Attribute names are case insensitive. Attributes are not full-text indexed; they are stored in the index as is. Currently supported attribute types are:

- unsigned integers (1-bit to 32-bit wide);
- UNIX timestamps;
- floating point values (32-bit, IEEE 754 single precision);
- string ordinals (specially computed integers);
- strings (since 1.10-beta);
- MVA, multi-value attributes (variable-length lists of 32-bit unsigned integers).

The complete set of per-document attribute values is sometimes referred to as docinfo. Docinfos can either be

- stored separately from the main full-text index data ("extern" storage, in `.spa` file), or
- attached to each occurence of document ID in full-text index data ("inline" storage, in `.spd` file).

When using extern storage, a copy of `.spa` file (with all the attribute values for all the documents) is kept in RAM by `searchd` at all times. This is for performance reasons; random disk I/O would be too slow. On the contrary, inline storage does not require any additional RAM at all, but that comes at the cost of greatly inflating the index size: remember that it copies all attribute value every time when the document ID is mentioned, and that is exactly as many times as there are different keywords in the document. Inline may be the only viable option if you have only a few attributes and need to work with big datasets in limited RAM. However, in most cases extern storage makes both indexing and searching much more efficient.

Search-time memory requirements for extern storage are (1+number_of_attrs)*number_of_docs*4 bytes, ie. 10 million docs with 2 groups and 1 timestamp will take (1+2+1)*10M*4 = 160 MB of RAM. This is PER DAEMON, not per query. `searchd` will allocate 160 MB on startup, read the data and keep it shared between queries. The children will NOT allocate any additional copies of this data.

## 3.4. MVA (multi-valued attributes)

MVAs, or multi-valued attributes, are an important special type of per-document attributes in Sphinx. MVAs let you attach sets of numeric values to every document. That is useful to implement article tags, product categories, etc. Filtering and group-by (but not sorting) on MVA attributes is supported.

As of version 2.0.2-beta, MVA values can either be unsigned 32-bit integers (UNSIGNED INTEGER) or signed 64-bit integers (BIGINT). Up to version 2.0.1-beta, only the unsigned 32-bit values were supported.

The set size is not limited, you can have an arbitrary number of values attached to each document as long as RAM permits (`.spm` file that contains the MVA values will be precached in RAM by `searchd`). The source data can be taken either from a separate query, or from a document field; see source type in sql_attr_multi. In the first case the query will have to return pairs of document ID and MVA values, in the second one the field will be parsed for integer values. There are absolutely no requirements as to incoming data order; the values will be automatically grouped by document ID (and internally sorted within the same ID) during indexing anyway.

When filtering, a document will match the filter on MVA attribute if any of the values satisfy the filtering condition. (Therefore, documents that pass through exclude filters will not contain any of the forbidden values.) When grouping by MVA attribute, a document will contribute to as many groups as there are different MVA values associated with that document. For instance, if the collection contains exactly 1 document having a 'tag' MVA with values 5, 7, and 11, grouping on 'tag' will produce 3 groups with '@count' equal to 1 and '@groupby' key values of 5, 7, and 11 respectively. Also note that grouping by MVA might lead to duplicate documents in the result set: because each document can participate in many groups, it can be chosen as the best one in in more than one group, leading to duplicate IDs. PHP API historically uses ordered hash on the document ID for the resulting rows; so you'll also need to use SetArrayResult() in order to employ group-by on MVA with PHP API.

## 3.5. Indexes

To be able to answer full-text search queries fast, Sphinx needs to build a special data structure optimized for such queries from your text data. This structure is called index; and the process of building index from text is called indexing.

Different index types are well suited for different tasks. For example, a disk-based tree-based index would be easy to update (ie. insert new documents to existing index), but rather slow to search. Therefore, Sphinx architecture allows for different index types to be implemented easily.

The only index type which is implemented in Sphinx at the moment is designed for maximum indexing and searching speed. This comes at a cost of updates being really slow; theoretically, it might be slower to update this type of index than than to reindex it from scratch. However, this very frequently could be worked around with muiltiple indexes, see Section 3.11, “Live index updates” for details.

It is planned to implement more index types, including the type which would be updateable in real time.

There can be as many indexes per configuration file as necessary. `indexer` utility can reindex either all of them (if `--all` option is specified), or a certain explicitly specified subset. `searchd` utility will serve all the specified indexes, and the clients can specify what indexes to search in run time.

## 3.6. Restrictions on the source data

There are a few different restrictions imposed on the source data which is going to be indexed by Sphinx, of which the single most important one is:

ALL DOCUMENT IDS MUST BE UNIQUE UNSIGNED NON-ZERO INTEGER NUMBERS (32-BIT OR 64-BIT, DEPENDING ON BUILD TIME SETTINGS).

If this requirement is not met, different bad things can happen. For instance, Sphinx can crash with an internal assertion while indexing; or produce strange results when searching due to conflicting IDs. Also, a 1000-pound gorilla might eventually come out of your display and start throwing barrels at you. You've been warned.

## 3.7. Charsets, case folding, and translation tables

When indexing some index, Sphinx fetches documents from the specified sources, splits the text into words, and does case folding so that "Abc", "ABC" and "abc" would be treated as the same word (or, to be pedantic, term).

To do that properly, Sphinx needs to know

- what encoding is the source text in;
- what characters are letters and what are not;
- what letters should be folded to what letters.

This should be configured on a per-index basis using `charset_type` and `charset_table` options. `charset_type` specifies whether the document encoding is single-byte (SBCS) or UTF-8. `charset_table` specifies the table that maps letter characters to their case folded versions. The characters that are not in the table are considered to be non-letters and will be treated as word separators when indexing or searching through this index.

Default tables currently include English and Russian characters. Please do submit your tables for other languages!

## 3.8. SQL data sources (MySQL, PostgreSQL)

With all the SQL drivers, indexing generally works as follows.

- connection to the database is established;
- pre-query (see Section 11.1.11, “sql_query_pre”) is executed to perform any necessary initial setup, such as setting per-connection encoding with MySQL;
- main query (see Section 11.1.12, “sql_query”) is executed and the rows it returns are indexed;
- post-query (see Section 11.1.30, “sql_query_post”) is executed to perform any necessary cleanup;
- connection to the database is closed;
- indexer does the sorting phase (to be pedantic, index-type specific post-processing);
- connection to the database is established again;
- post-index query (see Section 11.1.31, “sql_query_post_index”) is executed to perform any necessary final cleanup;
- connection to the database is closed again.

Most options, such as database user/host/password, are straightforward. However, there are a few subtle things, which are discussed in more detail here.

### Ranged queries

Main query, which needs to fetch all the documents, can impose a read lock on the whole table and stall the concurrent queries (eg. INSERTs to MyISAM table), waste a lot of memory for result set, etc. To avoid this, Sphinx supports so-called ranged queries. With ranged queries, Sphinx first fetches min and max document IDs from the table, and then substitutes different ID intervals into main query text and runs the modified query to fetch another chunk of documents. Here's an example.

Example 3.1. Ranged query usage example

    # in sphinx.conf

    sql_query_range	= SELECT MIN(id),MAX(id) FROM documents
    sql_range_step = 1000
    sql_query = SELECT * FROM documents WHERE id>=$start AND id<=$end

If the table contains document IDs from 1 to, say, 2345, then sql_query would be run three times:

1. with `$start` replaced with 1 and `$end` replaced with 1000;
2. with `$start` replaced with 1001 and `$end` replaced with 2000;
3. with `$start` replaced with 2001 and `$end` replaced with 2345.

Obviously, that's not much of a difference for 2000-row table, but when it comes to indexing 10-million-row MyISAM table, ranged queries might be of some help.

### `sql_post` vs. `sql_post_index`

The difference between post-query and post-index query is in that post-query is run immediately when Sphinx received all the documents, but further indexing may still fail for some other reason. On the contrary, by the time the post-index query gets executed, it is guaranteed that the indexing was succesful. Database connection is dropped and re-established because sorting phase can be very lengthy and would just timeout otherwise.

## 3.9. xmlpipe data source

xmlpipe data source was designed to enable users to plug data into Sphinx without having to implement new data sources drivers themselves. It is limited to 2 fixed fields and 2 fixed attributes, and is deprecated in favor of Section 3.10, “xmlpipe2 data source” now. For new streams, use xmlpipe2.

To use xmlpipe, configure the data source in your configuration file as follows:

    source example_xmlpipe_source
    {
        type = xmlpipe
        xmlpipe_command = perl /www/mysite.com/bin/sphinxpipe.pl
    }

The `indexer` will run the command specified in `xmlpipe_command`, and then read, parse and index the data it prints to `stdout`. More formally, it opens a pipe to given command and then reads from that pipe.

indexer will expect one or more documents in custom XML format. Here's the example document stream, consisting of two documents:

Example 3.2. XMLpipe document stream

    <document>
    <id>123</id>
    <group>45</group>
    <timestamp>1132223498</timestamp>
    <title>test title</title>
    <body>
    this is my document body
    </body>
    </document>

    <document>
    <id>124</id>
    <group>46</group>
    <timestamp>1132223498</timestamp>
    <title>another test</title>
    <body>
    this is another document
    </body>
    </document>

Legacy xmlpipe legacy driver uses a builtin parser which is pretty fast but really strict and does not actually fully support XML. It requires that all the fields must be present, formatted exactly as in this example, and occur exactly in the same order. The only optional field is `timestamp`; it defaults to 1.

## 3.10. xmlpipe2 data source

xmlpipe2 lets you pass arbitrary full-text and attribute data to Sphinx in yet another custom XML format. It also allows to specify the schema (ie. the set of fields and attributes) either in the XML stream itself, or in the source settings.

When indexing xmlpipe2 source, indexer runs the given command, opens a pipe to its stdout, and expects well-formed XML stream. Here's sample stream data:

Example 3.3. xmlpipe2 document stream

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <sphinx:docset>

    <sphinx:schema>
    <sphinx:field name="subject"/>
    <sphinx:field name="content"/>
    <sphinx:attr name="published" type="timestamp"/>
    <sphinx:attr name="author_id" type="int" bits="16" default="1"/>
    </sphinx:schema>

    <sphinx:document id="1234">
    <content>this is the main content <![CDATA[[and this <cdata> entry
    must be handled properly by xml parser lib]]></content>
    <published>1012325463</published>
    <subject>note how field/attr tags can be
    in <b class="red">randomized</b> order</subject>
    <misc>some undeclared element</misc>
    </sphinx:document>

    <sphinx:document id="1235">
    <subject>another subject</subject>
    <content>here comes another document, and i am given to understand,
    that in-document field order must not matter, sir</content>
    <published>1012325467</published>
    </sphinx:document>

    <!-- ... even more sphinx:document entries here ... -->

    <sphinx:killlist>
    <id>1234</id>
    <id>4567</id>
    </sphinx:killlist>

    </sphinx:docset>

Arbitrary fields and attributes are allowed. They also can occur in the stream in arbitrary order within each document; the order is ignored. There is a restriction on maximum field length; fields longer than 2 MB will be truncated to 2 MB (this limit can be changed in the source).

The schema, ie. complete fields and attributes list, must be declared before any document could be parsed. This can be done either in the configuration file using `xmlpipe_field` and `xmlpipe_attr_XXX` settings, or right in the stream using <sphinx:schema> element. <sphinx:schema> is optional. It is only allowed to occur as the very first sub-element in <sphinx:docset>. If there is no in-stream schema definition, settings from the configuration file will be used. Otherwise, stream settings take precedence.

Unknown tags (which were not declared neither as fields nor as attributes) will be ignored with a warning. In the example above, <misc> will be ignored. All embedded tags and their attributes (such as <b> in <subject> in the example above) will be silently ignored.

Support for incoming stream encodings depends on whether `iconv` is installed on the system. xmlpipe2 is parsed using `libexpat` parser that understands US-ASCII, ISO-8859-1, UTF-8 and a few UTF-16 variants natively. Sphinx `configure` script will also check for `libiconv` presence, and utilize it to handle other encodings. `libexpat` also enforces the requirement to use UTF-8 charset on Sphinx side, because the parsed data it returns is always in UTF-8.

XML elements (tags) recognized by xmlpipe2 (and their attributes where applicable) are:

sphinx:docset

  Mandatory top-level element, denotes and contains xmlpipe2 document set.

sphinx:schema

  Optional element, must either occur as the very first child of sphinx:docset, or never occur at all. Declares the document schema. Contains field and attribute declarations. If present, overrides per-source settings from the configuration file.

sphinx:field

  Optional element, child of sphinx:schema. Declares a full-text field. Known attributes are:

  - "name", specifies the XML element name that will be treated as a full-text field in the subsequent documents.
  - "attr", specifies whether to also index this field as a string or word count attribute. Possible values are "string" and "wordcount". Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

sphinx:attr

  Optional element, child of sphinx:schema. Declares an attribute. Known attributes are:

  - "name", specifies the element name that should be treated as an attribute in the subsequent documents.
  - "type", specifies the attribute type. Possible values are "int", "bigint", "timestamp", "str2ordinal", "bool", "float" and "multi".
  - "bits", specifies the bit size for "int" attribute type. Valid values are 1 to 32.
  - "default", specifies the default value for this attribute that should be used if the attribute's element is not present in the document.

sphinx:document

  Mandatory element, must be a child of sphinx:docset. Contains arbitrary other elements with field and attribute values to be indexed, as declared either using sphinx:field and sphinx:attr elements or in the configuration file. The only known attribute is "id" that must contain the unique integer document ID.

sphinx:killlist

  Optional element, child of sphinx:docset. Contains a number of "id" elements whose contents are document IDs to be put into a kill-list for this index.

## 3.11. Live index updates

There are two major approaches to maintaining the full-text index contents up to date. Note, however, that both these approaches deal with the task of full-text data updates, and not attribute updates. Instant attribute updates are supported since version 0.9.8. Refer to UpdateAttributes() API call description for details.

First, you can use disk-based indexes, partition them manually, and only rebuild the smaller partitions (so-called "deltas") frequently. By minimizing the rebuild size, you can reduce the average indexing lag to something as low as 30-60 seconds. This approach was the the only one available in versions 0.9.x. On huge collections it actually might be the most efficient one. Refer to Section 3.12, “Delta index updates” for details.

Second, versions 1.x (starting with 1.10-beta) add support for so-called real-time indexes (RT indexes for short) that on-the-fly updates of the full-text data. Updates on a RT index can appear in the search results in 1-2 milliseconds, ie. 0.001-0.002 seconds. However, RT index are less efficient for bulk indexing huge amounts of data. Refer to Chapter 4, Real-time indexes for details.

## 3.12. Delta index updates

There's a frequent situation when the total dataset is too big to be reindexed from scratch often, but the amount of new records is rather small. Example: a forum with a 1,000,000 archived posts, but only 1,000 new posts per day.

In this case, "live" (almost real time) index updates could be implemented using so called "main+delta" scheme.

The idea is to set up two sources and two indexes, with one "main" index for the data which only changes rarely (if ever), and one "delta" for the new documents. In the example above, 1,000,000 archived posts would go to the main index, and newly inserted 1,000 posts/day would go to the delta index. Delta index could then be reindexed very frequently, and the documents can be made available to search in a matter of minutes.

Specifying which documents should go to what index and reindexing main index could also be made fully automatic. One option would be to make a counter table which would track the ID which would split the documents, and update it whenever the main index is reindexed.

Example 3.4. Fully automated live updates

    # in MySQL
    CREATE TABLE sph_counter
    (
        counter_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
        max_doc_id INTEGER NOT NULL
    );

    # in sphinx.conf
    source main
    {
        # ...
        sql_query_pre = SET NAMES utf8
        sql_query_pre = REPLACE INTO sph_counter SELECT 1, MAX(id) FROM documents
        sql_query = SELECT id, title, body FROM documents \
            WHERE id<=( SELECT max_doc_id FROM sph_counter WHERE counter_id=1 )
    }

    source delta : main
    {
        sql_query_pre = SET NAMES utf8
        sql_query = SELECT id, title, body FROM documents \
            WHERE id>( SELECT max_doc_id FROM sph_counter WHERE counter_id=1 )
    }

    index main
    {
        source = main
        path = /path/to/main
        # ... all the other settings
    }

    # note how all other settings are copied from main,
    # but source and path are overridden (they MUST be)
    index delta : main
    {
        source = delta
        path = /path/to/delta
    }

Note how we're overriding `sql_query_pre` in the delta source. We need to explicitly have that override. Otherwise `REPLACE` query would be run when indexing delta source too, effectively nullifying it. However, when we issue the directive in the inherited source for the first time, it removes all inherited values, so the encoding setup is also lost. So `sql_query_pre` in the delta can not just be empty; and we need to issue the encoding setup query explicitly once again.

## 3.13. Index merging

Merging two existing indexes can be more efficient that indexing the data from scratch, and desired in some cases (such as merging 'main' and 'delta' indexes instead of simply reindexing 'main' in 'main+delta' partitioning scheme). So `indexer` has an option to do that. Merging the indexes is normally faster than reindexing but still not instant on huge indexes. Basically, it will need to read the contents of both indexes once and write the result once. Merging 100 GB and 1 GB index, for example, will result in 202 GB of IO (but that's still likely less than the indexing from scratch requires).

The basic command syntax is as follows:

    indexer --merge DSTINDEX SRCINDEX [--rotate]

Only the DSTINDEX index will be affected: the contents of SRCINDEX will be merged into it. `--rotate` switch will be required if DSTINDEX is already being served by `searchd`. The initially devised usage pattern is to merge a smaller update from SRCINDEX into DSTINDEX. Thus, when merging the attributes, values from SRCINDEX will win if duplicate document IDs are encountered. Note, however, that the "old" keywords will not be automatically removed in such cases. For example, if there's a keyword "old" associated with document 123 in DSTINDEX, and a keyword "new" associated with it in SRCINDEX, document 123 will be found by both keywords after the merge. You can supply an explicit condition to remove documents from DSTINDEX to mitigate that; the relevant switch is `--merge-dst-range`:

    indexer --merge main delta --merge-dst-range deleted 0 0

This switch lets you apply filters to the destination index along with merging. There can be several filters; all of their conditions must be met in order to include the document in the resulting mergid index. In the example above, the filter passes only those records where 'deleted' is 0, eliminating all records that were flagged as deleted (for instance, using UpdateAttributes() call).

## Chapter 4. Real-time indexes

Real-time indexes (or RT indexes for brevity) are a new backend that lets you insert, update, or delete documents (rows) on the fly. RT indexes were added in version 1.10-beta. While querying of RT indexes is possible using any of the SphinxAPI, SphinxQL, or SphinxSE, updating them is only possible via SphinxQL at the moment. Full SphinxQL reference is available in Chapter 7, SphinxQL reference.

## 4.1. RT indexes overview

RT indexes should be declared in `sphinx.conf`, just as every other index type. Notable differences from the regular, disk-based indexes are that a) data sources are not required and ignored, and b) you should explicitly enumerate all the text fields, not just attributes. Here's an example:

Example 4.1. RT index declaration

    index rt
    {
    	type = rt
    	path = /usr/local/sphinx/data/rt
    	rt_field = title
    	rt_field = content
    	rt_attr_uint = gid
    }

As of 2.0.1-beta and above, RT indexes are production quality, despite a few missing features.

RT index can be accessed using MySQL protocol. INSERT, REPLACE, DELETE, and SELECT statements against RT index are supported. For instance, this is an example session with the sample index above:

    $ mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -P 9306
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 1
    Server version: 1.10-dev (r2153)

    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

    mysql> INSERT INTO rt VALUES ( 1, 'first record', 'test one', 123 );
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

    mysql> INSERT INTO rt VALUES ( 2, 'second record', 'test two', 234 );
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt;
    +------+--------+------+
    | id   | weight | gid  |
    +------+--------+------+
    |    1 |      1 |  123 |
    |    2 |      1 |  234 |
    +------+--------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt WHERE MATCH('test');
    +------+--------+------+
    | id   | weight | gid  |
    +------+--------+------+
    |    1 |   1643 |  123 |
    |    2 |   1643 |  234 |
    +------+--------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt WHERE MATCH('@title test');
    Empty set (0.00 sec)

Both partial and batch INSERT syntaxes are supported, ie. you can specify a subset of columns, and insert several rows at a time. Deletions are also possible using DELETE statement; the only currently supported syntax is DELETE FROM <index> WHERE id=<id>. REPLACE is also supported, enabling you to implement updates.

    mysql> INSERT INTO rt ( id, title ) VALUES ( 3, 'third row' ), ( 4, 'fourth entry' );
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt;
    +------+--------+------+
    | id   | weight | gid  |
    +------+--------+------+
    |    1 |      1 |  123 |
    |    2 |      1 |  234 |
    |    3 |      1 |    0 |
    |    4 |      1 |    0 |
    +------+--------+------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> DELETE FROM rt WHERE id=2;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt WHERE MATCH('test');
    +------+--------+------+
    | id   | weight | gid  |
    +------+--------+------+
    |    1 |   1500 |  123 |
    +------+--------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> INSERT INTO rt VALUES ( 1, 'first record on steroids', 'test one', 123 );
    ERROR 1064 (42000): duplicate id '1'

    mysql> REPLACE INTO rt VALUES ( 1, 'first record on steroids', 'test one', 123 );
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt WHERE MATCH('steroids');
    +------+--------+------+
    | id   | weight | gid  |
    +------+--------+------+
    |    1 |   1500 |  123 |
    +------+--------+------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)

Data stored in RT index should survive clean shutdown. When binary logging is enabled, it should also survive crash and/or dirty shutdown, and recover on subsequent startup.

## 4.2. Known caveats with RT indexes

RT indexes are currently quality feature, but there are still a few known usage quirks. Those quirks are listed in this section.

- Prefix indexing is supported with dict = keywords starting 2.0.2-beta. Infix indexing is experimental in trunk.
- Disk chunks optimization routine is not implemented yet.
- On initial index creation, attributes are reordered by type, in the following order: uint, bigint, float, timestamp, string. So when using INSERT without an explicit column names list, specify all uint column values first, then bigint, etc.
- Default conservative RAM chunk limit (`rt_mem_limit`) of 32M can lead to poor performance on bigger indexes, you should raise it to 256..1024M if you're planning to index gigabytes.
- High DELETE/REPLACE rate can lead to kill-list fragmentation and impact searching performance.
- No transaction size limits are currently imposed; too many concurrent INSERT/REPLACE transactions might therefore consume a lot of RAM.
- In case of a damaged binlog, recovery will stop on the first damaged transaction, even though it's technically possible to keep looking further for subsequent undamaged transactions, and recover those. This mid-file damage case (due to flaky HDD/CDD/tape?) is supposed to be extremely rare, though.
- Multiple INSERTs grouped in a single transaction perform better than equivalent single-row transactions and are recommended for batch loading of data.

## 4.3. RT index internals

RT index is internally chunked. It keeps a so-called RAM chunk that stores all the most recent changes. RAM chunk memory usage is rather strictly limited with per-index rt_mem_limit directive. Once RAM chunk grows over this limit, a new disk chunk is created from its data, and RAM chunk is reset. Thus, while most changes on the RT index will be performed in RAM only and complete instantly (in milliseconds), those changes that overflow the RAM chunk will stall for the duration of disk chunk creation (a few seconds).

Disk chunks are, in fact, just regular disk-based indexes. But they're a part of an RT index and automatically managed by it, so you need not configure nor manage them manually. Because a new disk chunk is created every time RT chunk overflows the limit, and because in-memory chunk format is close to on-disk format, the disk chunks will be approximately `rt_mem_limit` bytes in size each.

Generally, it is better to set the limit bigger, to minimize both the frequency of flushes, and the index fragmentation (number of disk chunks). For instance, on a dedicated search server that handles a big RT index, it can be advised to set `rt_mem_limit` to 1-2 GB. A global limit on all indexes is also planned, but not yet implemented yet as of 1.10-beta.

Disk chunk full-text index data can not be actually modified, so the full-text field changes (ie. row deletions and updates) suppress a previous row version from a disk chunk using a kill-list, but do not actually physically purge the data. Therefore, on workloads with high full-text updates ratio index might eventually get polluted by these previous row versions, and searching performance would degrade. Physical index purging that would improve the performance is planned, but not yet implemented as of 1.10-beta.

Data in RAM chunk gets saved to disk on clean daemon shutdown, and then loaded back on startup. However, on daemon or server crash, updates from RAM chunk might be lost. To prevent that, binary logging of transactions can be used; see Section 4.4, “Binary logging” for details.

Full-text changes in RT index are transactional. They are stored in a per-thread accumulator until COMMIT, then applied at once. Bigger batches per single COMMIT should result in faster indexing.

## 4.4. Binary logging

Binary logs are essentially a recovery mechanism. With binary logs enabled, `searchd` writes every given transaction to the binlog file, and uses that for recovery after an unclean shutdown. On clean shutdown, RAM chunks are saved to disk, and then all the binlog files are unlinked.

During normal operation, a new binlog file will be opened every time when `binlog_max_log_size` limit is reached. Older, already closed binlog files are kept until all of the transactions stored in them (from all indexes) are flushed as a disk chunk. Setting the limit to 0 pretty much prevents binlog from being unlinked at all while `searchd` is running; however, it will still be unlinked on clean shutdown. (This is the default case as of 2.0.3-release, `binlog_max_log_size` defaults to 0.)

There are 3 different binlog flushing strategies, controlled by binlog_flush directive which takes the values of 0, 1, or 2. 0 means to flush the log to OS and sync it to disk every second; 1 means flush and sync every transaction; and 2 (the default mode) means flush every transaction but sync every second. Sync is relatively slow because it has to perform physical disk writes, so mode 1 is the safest (every committed transaction is guaranteed to be written on disk) but the slowest. Flushing log to OS prevents from data loss on `searchd` crashes but not system crashes. Mode 2 is the default.

On recovery after an unclean shutdown, binlogs are replayed and all logged transactions since the last good on-disk state are restored. Transactions are checksummed so in case of binlog file corruption garbage data will not be replayed; such a broken transaction will be detected and, currently, will stop replay. Transactions also start with a magic marker and timestamped, so in case of binlog damage in the middle of the file, it's technically possible to skip broken transactions and keep replaying from the next good one, and/or it's possible to replay transactions until a given timestamp (point-in-time recovery), but none of that is implemented yet as of 1.10-beta.

One unwanted side effect of binlogs is that actively updating a small RT index that fully fits into a RAM chunk part will lead to an ever-growing binlog that can never be unlinked until clean shutdown. Binlogs are essentially append-only deltas against the last known good saved state on disk, and unless RAM chunk gets saved, they can not be unlinked. An ever-growing binlog is not very good for disk use and crash recovery time. Starting with 2.0.1-beta you can configure `searchd` to perform a periodic RAM chunk flush to fix that problem using a rt_flush_period directive. With periodic flushes enabled, `searchd` will keep a separate thread, checking whether RT indexes RAM chunks need to be written back to disk. Once that happens, the respective binlogs can be (and are) safely unlinked.

Note that `rt_flush_period` only controls the frequency at which the checks happen. There are no guarantees that the particular RAM chunk will get saved. For instance, it does not make sense to regularly re-save a huge RAM chunk that only gets a few rows worh of updates. The search daemon determine whether to actually perform the flush with a few heuristics.

## Chapter 5. Searching

## 5.1. Matching modes

So-called matching modes are a legacy feature that used to provide (very) limited query syntax and ranking support. Currently, they are deprecated in favor of full-text query language and so-called rankers. Starting with version 0.9.9-release, it is thus strongly recommended to use SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED and proper query syntax rather than any other legacy mode. All those other modes are actually internally converted to extended syntax anyway. SphinxAPI still defaults to SPH_MATCH_ALL but that is for compatibility reasons only.

There are the following matching modes available:

- SPH_MATCH_ALL, matches all query words (default mode);
- SPH_MATCH_ANY, matches any of the query words;
- SPH_MATCH_PHRASE, matches query as a phrase, requiring perfect match;
- SPH_MATCH_BOOLEAN, matches query as a boolean expression (see Section 5.2, “Boolean query syntax”);
- SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED, matches query as an expression in Sphinx internal query language (see Section 5.3, “Extended query syntax”);
- SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED2, an alias for SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED;
- SPH_MATCH_FULLSCAN, matches query, forcibly using the "full scan" mode as below. NB, any query terms will be ignored, such that filters, filter-ranges and grouping will still be applied, but no text-matching.

SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED2 was used during 0.9.8 and 0.9.9 development cycle, when the internal matching engine was being rewritten (for the sake of additional functionality and better performance). By 0.9.9-release, the older version was removed, and SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED and SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED2 are now just aliases.

The SPH_MATCH_FULLSCAN mode will be automatically activated in place of the specified matching mode when the following conditions are met:

1. The query string is empty (ie. its length is zero).
2. docinfo storage is set to `extern`.

In full scan mode, all the indexed documents will be considered as matching. Such queries will still apply filters, sorting, and group by, but will not perform any full-text searching. This can be useful to unify full-text and non-full-text searching code, or to offload SQL server (there are cases when Sphinx scans will perform better than analogous MySQL queries). An example of using the full scan mode might be to find posts in a forum. By selecting the forum's user ID via `SetFilter()` but not actually providing any search text, Sphinx will match every document (i.e. every post) where `SetFilter()` would match - in this case providing every post from that user. By default this will be ordered by relevancy, followed by Sphinx document ID in ascending order (earliest first).

## 5.2. Boolean query syntax

Boolean queries allow the following special operators to be used:

- explicit operator AND:

      hello & world

- operator OR:

      hello | world

- operator NOT:

      hello -world
      hello !world

- grouping:

      ( hello world )

Here's an example query which uses all these operators:

Example 5.1. Boolean query example

    ( cat -dog ) | ( cat -mouse)

There always is implicit AND operator, so "hello world" query actually means "hello & world".

OR operator precedence is higher than AND, so "looking for cat | dog | mouse" means "looking for ( cat | dog | mouse )" and not "(looking for cat) | dog | mouse".

Queries like "-dog", which implicitly include all documents from the collection, can not be evaluated. This is both for technical and performance reasons. Technically, Sphinx does not always keep a list of all IDs. Performance-wise, when the collection is huge (ie. 10-100M documents), evaluating such queries could take very long.

## 5.3. Extended query syntax

The following special operators and modifiers can be used when using the extended matching mode:

- operator OR:

      hello | world

- operator NOT:

      hello -world
      hello !world

- field search operator:

      @title hello @body world

- field position limit modifier (introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1):

      @body[50] hello

- multiple-field search operator:

      @(title,body) hello world

- ignore field search operator (will ignore any matches of 'hello world' from field 'title'):

      @!title hello world

- ignore multiple-field search operator (if we have fields title, subject and body then @!(title) is equivalent to @(subject,body)):

      @!(title,body) hello world

- all-field search operator:

      @* hello

- phrase search operator:

      "hello world"

- proximity search operator:

      "hello world"~10

- quorum matching operator:

      "the world is a wonderful place"/3

- strict order operator (aka operator "before"):

      aaa << bbb << ccc

- exact form modifier (introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1):

      raining =cats and =dogs

- field-start and field-end modifier (introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2):

      ^hello world$

- NEAR, generalized proximity operator (introduced in version 2.0.1-beta):

      hello NEAR/3 world NEAR/4 "my test"

- SENTENCE operator (introduced in version 2.0.1-beta):

      all SENTENCE words SENTENCE "in one sentence"

- PARAGRAPH operator (introduced in version 2.0.1-beta):

      "Bill Gates" PARAGRAPH "Steve Jobs"

- zone limit operator:

      ZONE:(h3,h4) only in these titles

Here's an example query that uses some of these operators:

Example 5.2. Extended matching mode: query example

    "hello world" @title "example program"~5 @body python -(php|perl) @* code

The full meaning of this search is:

- Find the words 'hello' and 'world' adjacently in any field in a document;
- Additionally, the same document must also contain the words 'example' and 'program' in the title field, with up to, but not including, 5 words between the words in question; (E.g. "example PHP program" would be matched however "example script to introduce outside data into the correct context for your program" would not because two terms have 5 or more words between them)
- Additionally, the same document must contain the word 'python' in the body field, but not contain either 'php' or 'perl';
- Additionally, the same document must contain the word 'code' in any field.

There always is implicit AND operator, so "hello world" means that both "hello" and "world" must be present in matching document.

OR operator precedence is higher than AND, so "looking for cat | dog | mouse" means "looking for ( cat | dog | mouse )" and not "(looking for cat) | dog | mouse".

Field limit operator limits subsequent searching to a given field. Normally, query will fail with an error message if given field name does not exist in the searched index. However, that can be suppressed by specifying "@@relaxed" option at the very beginning of the query:

    @@relaxed @nosuchfield my query

This can be helpful when searching through heterogeneous indexes with different schemas.

Field position limit, introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1, additionaly restricts the searching to first N position within given field (or fields). For example, "@body[50] hello" will not match the documents where the keyword 'hello' occurs at position 51 and below in the body.

Proximity distance is specified in words, adjusted for word count, and applies to all words within quotes. For instance, "cat dog mouse"~5 query means that there must be less than 8-word span which contains all 3 words, ie. "CAT aaa bbb ccc DOG eee fff MOUSE" document will not match this query, because this span is exactly 8 words long.

Quorum matching operator introduces a kind of fuzzy matching. It will only match those documents that pass a given threshold of given words. The example above ("the world is a wonderful place"/3) will match all documents that have at least 3 of the 6 specified words.

Strict order operator (aka operator "before"), introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2, will match the document only if its argument keywords occur in the document exactly in the query order. For instance, "black << cat" query (without quotes) will match the document "black and white cat" but not the "that cat was black" document. Order operator has the lowest priority. It can be applied both to just keywords and more complex expressions, ie. this is a valid query:

    (bag of words) << "exact phrase" << red|green|blue

Exact form keyword modifier, introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1, will match the document only if the keyword occurred in exactly the specified form. The default behaviour is to match the document if the stemmed keyword matches. For instance, "runs" query will match both the document that contains "runs" and the document that contains "running", because both forms stem to just "run" - while "=runs" query will only match the first document. Exact form operator requires index_exact_words option to be enabled. This is a modifier that affects the keyword and thus can be used within operators such as phrase, proximity, and quorum operators.

Field-start and field-end keyword modifiers, introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2, will make the keyword match only if it occurred at the very start or the very end of a fulltext field, respectively. For instance, the query "^hello world$" (with quotes and thus combining phrase operator and start/end modifiers) will only match documents that contain at least one field that has exactly these two keywords.

Starting with 0.9.9-rc1, arbitrarily nested brackets and negations are allowed. However, the query must be possible to compute without involving an implicit list of all documents:

    // correct query
    aaa -(bbb -(ccc ddd))

    // queries that are non-computable
    -aaa
    aaa | -bbb

NEAR operator, added in 2.0.1-beta, is a generalized version of a proximity operator. The syntax is `NEAR/N`, it is case-sensitive, and no spaces are allowed beetwen the NEAR keyword, the slash sign, and the distance value.

The original proximity operator only worked on sets of keywords. NEAR is more generic and can accept arbitrary subexpressions as its two arguments, matching the document when both subexpressions are found within N words of each other, no matter in which order. NEAR is left associative and has the same (lowest) precedence as BEFORE.

You should also note how a `(one NEAR/7 two NEAR/7 three)` query using NEAR is not really equivalent to a `("one two three"~7)` one using keyword proximity operator. The difference here is that the proximity operator allows for up to 6 non-matching words between all the 3 matching words, but the version with NEAR is less restrictive: it would allow for up to 6 words between 'one' and 'two' and then for up to 6 more between that two-word matching and a 'three' keyword.

SENTENCE and PARAGRAPH operators, added in 2.0.1-beta, matches the document when both its arguments are within the same sentence or the same paragraph of text, respectively. The arguments can be either keywords, or phrases, or the instances of the same operator. Here are a few examples:

    one SENTENCE two
    one SENTENCE "two three"
    one SENTENCE "two three" SENTENCE four

The order of the arguments within the sentence or paragraph does not matter. These operators only work on indexes built with index_sp (sentence and paragraph indexing feature) enabled, and revert to a mere AND otherwise. Refer to the `index_sp` directive documentation for the notes on what's considered a sentence and a paragraph.

ZONE limit operator, added in 2.0.1-beta, is quite similar to field limit operator, but restricts matching to a given in-field zone or a list of zones. Note that the subsequent subexpressions are not required to match in a single contiguous span of a given zone, and may match in multiple spans. For instance, `(ZONE:th hello world)` query will match this example document:

    <th>Table 1. Local awareness of Hello Kitty brand.</th>
    .. some table data goes here ..
    <th>Table 2. World-wide brand awareness.</th>

ZONE operator affects the query until the next field or ZONE limit operator, or the closing parenthesis. It only works on the indexes built with zones support (see Section 11.2.9, “index_zones”) and will be ignored otherwise.

## 5.4. Search results ranking

### Ranking overview

Ranking (aka weighting) of the search results can be defined as a process of computing a so-called relevance (aka weight) for every given matched document with regards to a given query that matched it. So relevance is in the end just a number attached to every document that estimates how relevant the document is to the query. Search results can then be sorted based on this number and/or some additional parameters, so that the most sought after results would come up higher on the results page.

There is no single standard one-size-fits-all way to rank any document in any scenario. Moreover, there can not ever be such a way, because relevance is subjective. As in, what seems relevant to you might not seem relevant to me. Hence, in general case it's not just hard to compute, it's theoretically impossible.

So ranking in Sphinx is configurable. It has a notion of a so-called ranker. A ranker can formally be defined as a function that takes document and query as its input and produces a relevance value as output. In layman's terms, a ranker controls exactly how (using which specific algorithm) will Sphinx assign weights to the document.

Previously, this ranking function was rigidly bound to the matching mode. So in the legacy matching modes (that is, SPH_MATCH_ALL, SPH_MATCH_ANY, SPH_MATCH_PHRASE, and SPH_MATCH_BOOLEAN) you can not choose the ranker. You can only do that in the SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED mode. (Which is the only mode in SphinxQL and the suggested mode in SphinxAPI anyway.) To choose a non-default ranker you can either use SetRankingMode() with SphinxAPI, or OPTION ranker clause in `SELECT` statement when using SphinxQL.

As a sidenote, legacy matching modes are internally implemented via the unified syntax anyway. When you use one of those modes, Sphinx just internally adjusts the query and sets the associated ranker, then executes the query using the very same unified code path.

### Available rankers

Sphinx ships with a number of built-in rankers suited for different purposes. A number of them uses two factors, phrase proximity (aka LCS) and BM25. Phrase proximity works on the keyword positions, while BM25 works on the keyword frequencies. Basically, the better the degree of the phrase match between the document body and the query, the higher is the phrase proximity (it maxes out when the document contains the entire query as a verbatim quote). And BM25 is higher when the document contains more rare words. We'll save the detailed discussion for later.

Currently implemented rankers are:

- SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY_BM25, the default ranking mode that uses and combines both phrase proximity and BM25 ranking.
- SPH_RANK_BM25, statistical ranking mode which uses BM25 ranking only (similar to most other full-text engines). This mode is faster but may result in worse quality on queries which contain more than 1 keyword.
- SPH_RANK_NONE, no ranking mode. This mode is obviously the fastest. A weight of 1 is assigned to all matches. This is sometimes called boolean searching that just matches the documents but does not rank them.
- SPH_RANK_WORDCOUNT, ranking by the keyword occurrences count. This ranker computes the per-field keyword occurrence counts, then multiplies them by field weights, and sums the resulting values.
- SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY, added in version 0.9.9-rc1, returns raw phrase proximity value as a result. This mode is internally used to emulate SPH_MATCH_ALL queries.
- SPH_RANK_MATCHANY, added in version 0.9.9-rc1, returns rank as it was computed in SPH_MATCH_ANY mode ealier, and is internally used to emulate SPH_MATCH_ANY queries.
- SPH_RANK_FIELDMASK, added in version 0.9.9-rc2, returns a 32-bit mask with N-th bit corresponding to N-th fulltext field, numbering from 0. The bit will only be set when the respective field has any keyword occurences satisfiying the query.
- SPH_RANK_SPH04, added in version 1.10-beta, is generally based on the default SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY_BM25 ranker, but additionally boosts the matches when they occur in the very beginning or the very end of a text field. Thus, if a field equals the exact query, SPH04 should rank it higher than a field that contains the exact query but is not equal to it. (For instance, when the query is "Hyde Park", a document entitled "Hyde Park" should be ranked higher than a one entitled "Hyde Park, London" or "The Hyde Park Cafe".)
- SPH_RANK_EXPR, added in version 2.0.2-beta, lets you specify the ranking formula in run time. It exposes a number of internal text factors and lets you define how the final weight should be computed from those factors. You can find more details about its syntax and a reference available factors in a subsection below.

You should specify the `SPH_RANK_` prefix and use capital letters only when using the SetRankingMode() call from the SphinxAPI. The API ports expose these as global constants. Using SphinxQL syntax, the prefix should be omitted and the ranker name is case insensitive. Example:

    // SphinxAPI
    $client->SetRankingMode ( SPH_RANK_SPH04 );

    // SphinxQL
    mysql_query ( "SELECT ... OPTION ranker=sph04" );

### Legacy matching modes rankers

Legacy matching modes automatically select a ranker as follows:

- SPH_MATCH_ALL uses SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY ranker;
- SPH_MATCH_ANY uses SPH_RANK_MATCHANY ranker;
- SPH_MATCH_PHRASE uses SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY ranker;
- SPH_MATCH_BOOLEAN uses SPH_RANK_NONE ranker.

### Expression based ranker (SPH_RANK_EXPR)

Expression ranker, added in version 2.0.2-beta, lets you change the ranking formula on the fly, on a per-query basis. For a quick kickoff, this is how you emulate PROXIMITY_BM25 ranker using the expression based one:

    SELECT *, WEIGHT() FROM myindex WHERE MATCH('hello world')
    OPTION ranker=expr('sum(lcs*user_weight)*1000+bm25')

The output of this query must not change if you omit the `OPTION` clause, because the default ranker (PROXIMITY_BM25) behaves exactly like specified in the ranker formula above. But the expression ranker is somewhat more flexible than just that and provides access to many more factors.

The ranking formula is an arbitrary arithmetic expression that can use constants, document attributes, built-in functions and operators (described in Section 5.5, “Expressions, functions, and operators”), and also a few ranking-specific things that are only accessible in a ranking formula. Namely, those are field aggregation functions, field-level, and document-level ranking factors.

A document-level factor is a numeric value computed by the ranking engine for every matched document with regards to the current query. (So it differs from a plain document attribute in that the attribute do not depend on the full text query, while factors might.) Those factors can be used anywhere in the ranking expression. Currently implemented document-level factors are:

- `bm25` (integer), a document-level BM25 estimate (computed without keyword occurrence filtering).
- `max_lcs` (integer), a query-level maximum possible value that the sum(lcs*user_weight) expression can ever take. This can be useful for weight boost scaling. For instance, MATCHANY ranker formula uses this to guarantee that a full phrase match in any field rankes higher than any combination of partial matches in all fields.
- `field_mask` (integer), a document-level 32-bit mask of matched fields.
- `query_word_count` (integer), the number of unique keywords in a query, adjusted for a number of excluded keywords. For instance, both `(one one one one)` and `(one !two)` queries should assign a value of 1 to this factor, because there is just one unique non-excluded keyword.
- `doc_word_count` (integer), the number of unique keywords matched in the entire document.

A field-level factor is a numeric value computed by the ranking engine for every matched in-document text field with regards to the current query. As more than one field can be matched by a query, but the final weight needs to be a single integer value, these values need to be folded into a single one. To achieve that, field-level factors can only be used within a field aggregation function, they can not be used anywhere in the expression. For example, you can not use `(lcs+bm25)` as your ranking expression, as `lcs` takes multiple values (one in every matched field). You should use `(sum(lcs)+bm25)` instead, that expression sums `lcs` over all matching fields, and then adds `bm25` to that per-field sum. Currently implemented field-level factors are:

- `lcs` (integer), the length of a maximum verbatim match between the document and the query, counted in words. LCS stands for Longest Common Subsequence (or Subset). Takes a minimum value of 1 when only stray keywords were matched in a field, and a maximum value of query keywords count when the entire query was matched in a field verbatim (in the exact query keywords order). For example, if the query is 'hello world' and the field contains these two words quoted from the query (that is, adjacent to each other, and exactly in the query order), `lcs` will be 2. For example, if the query is 'hello world program' and the field contains 'hello world', `lcs` will be 2. Note that any subset of the query keyword works, not just a subset of adjacent keywords. For example, if the query is 'hello world program' and the field contains 'hello (test program)', `lcs` will be 2 just as well, because both 'hello' and 'program' matched in the same respective positions as they were in the query. Finally, if the query is 'hello world program' and the field contains 'hello world program', `lcs` will be 3. (Hopefully that is unsurprising at this point.)
- `user_weight` (integer), the user specified per-field weight (refer to SetFieldWeights() in SphinxAPI and OPTION field_weights in SphinxQL respectively). The weights default to 1 if not specified explicitly.
- `hit_count` (integer), the number of keyword occurrences that matched in the field. Note that a single keyword may occur multiple times. For example, if 'hello' occurs 3 times in a field and 'world' occurs 5 times, `hit_count` will be 8.
- `word_count` (integer), the number of unique keywords matched in the field. For example, if 'hello' and 'world' occur anywhere in a field, `word_count` will be 2, irregardless of how many times do both keywords occur.
- `tf_idf` (float), the sum of TF*IDF over all the keywords matched in the field. IDF is the Inverse Document Frequency, a floating point value between 0 and 1 that describes how frequent is the keywords (basically, 0 for a keyword that occurs in every document indexed, and 1 for a unique keyword that occurs in just a single document). TF is the Term Frequency, the number of matched keyword occurrences in the field. As a side note, `tf_idf` is actually computed by summing IDF over all matched occurences. That's by construction equivalent to summing TF*IDF over all matched keywords.
- `min_hit_pos` (integer), the position of the first matched keyword occurrence, counted in words. Indexing begins from position 1.
- `min_best_span_pos` (integer), the position of the first maximum LCS occurrences span. For example, assume that our query was 'hello world program' and 'hello world' subphrase was matched twice in the field, in positions 13 and 21. Assume that 'hello' and 'world' additionally occurred elsewhere in the field, but never next to each other and thus never as a subphrase match. In that case, `min_best_span_pos` will be 13. Note how for the single keyword queries `min_best_span_pos` will always equal `min_hit_pos`.
- `exact_hit` (boolean), whether a query was an exact match of the entire current field. Used in the SPH04 ranker.

A field aggregation function is a single argument function that takes an expression with field-level factors, iterates it over all the matched fields, and computes the final results. Currently implemented field aggregation functions are:

- `sum`, sums the argument expression over all matched fields. For instance, `sum(1)` should return a number of matched fields.

### Expressions for the built-in rankers

Most of the other rankers can actually be emulated with the expression based ranker. You just need to pass a proper expression. Such emulation is, of course, going to be slower than using the built-in, compiled ranker but still might be of interest if you want to fine-tune your ranking formula starting with one of the existing ones. Also, the formulas define the nitty gritty ranker details in a nicely readable fashion.

- SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY_BM25 = sum(lcs*user_weight)*1000+bm25
- SPH_RANK_BM25 = bm25
- SPH_RANK_NONE = 1
- SPH_RANK_WORDCOUNT = sum(hit_count*user_weight)
- SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY = sum(lcs*user_weight)
- SPH_RANK_MATCHANY = sum((word_count+(lcs-1)*max_lcs)*user_weight)
- SPH_RANK_FIELDMASK = field_mask
- SPH_RANK_SPH04 = sum((4*lcs+2*(min_hit_pos==1)+exact_hit)*user_weight)*1000+bm25

## 5.5. Expressions, functions, and operators

Sphinx lets you use arbitrary arithmetic expressions both via SphinxQL and SphinxAPI, involving attribute values, internal attributes (document ID and relevance weight), arithmetic operations, a number of built-in functions, and user-defined functions. This section documents the supported operators and functions. Here's the complete reference list for quick access.

- Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %, DIV, MOD
- Comparison operators: <, > <=, >=, =, <>
- Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT
- Bitwise operators: &, |
- ABS()
- BIGINT()
- CEIL()
- COS()
- CRC32()
- DAY()
- EXP()
- FIBONACCI()
- FLOOR()
- GEODIST()
- IDIV()
- IF()
- IN()
- INTERVAL()
- LN()
- LOG10()
- LOG2()
- MAX()
- MIN()
- MONTH()
- NOW()
- POW()
- SIN()
- SINT()
- SQRT()
- YEAR()
- YEARMONTH()
- YEARMONTHDAY()

### 5.5.1. Operators

Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %, DIV, MOD

  The standard arithmetic operators. Arithmetic calculations involving those can be performed in three different modes: (a) using single-precision, 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point values (the default), (b) using signed 32-bit integers, (c) using 64-bit signed integers. The expression parser will automatically switch to integer mode if there are no operations the result in a floating point value. Otherwise, it will use the default floating point mode. For instance, `a+b` will be computed using 32-bit integers if both arguments are 32-bit integers; or using 64-bit integers if both arguments are integers but one of them is 64-bit; or in floats otherwise. However, `a/b` or `sqrt(a)` will always be computed in floats, because these operations return a result of non-integer type. To avoid the first, you can either use `IDIV(a,b)` or `a DIV b` form. Also, `a*b` will not be automatically promoted to 64-bit when the arguments are 32-bit. To enforce 64-bit results, you can use BIGINT(). (But note that if there are non-integer operations, BIGINT() will simply be ignored.)

Comparison operators: <, > <=, >=, =, <>

  Comparison operators (eg. = or <=) return 1.0 when the condition is true and 0.0 otherwise. For instance, `(a=b)+3` will evaluate to 4 when attribute 'a' is equal to attribute 'b', and to 3 when 'a' is not. Unlike MySQL, the equality comparisons (ie. = and <> operators) introduce a small equality threshold (1e-6 by default). If the difference between compared values is within the threshold, they will be considered equal.

Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT

  Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) were introduced in 0.9.9-rc2 and behave as usual. They are left-associative and have the least priority compared to other operators. NOT has more priority than AND and OR but nevertheless less than any other operator. AND and OR have the same priority so brackets use is recommended to avoid confusion in complex expressions.

Bitwise operators: &, |

  These operators perform bitwise AND and OR respectively. The operands must be of an integer types. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

### 5.5.2. Numeric functions

ABS()

  Returns the absolute value of the argument.

CEIL()

  Returns the smallest integer value greater or equal to the argument.

COS()

  Returns the cosine of the argument.

EXP()

  Returns the exponent of the argument (e=2.718... to the power of the argument).

FIBONACCI()

  Returns the N-th Fibonacci number, where N is the integer argument. That is, arguments of 0 and up will generate the values 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 and so on. Note that the computations are done using 32-bit integer math and thus numbers 48th and up will be returned modulo 2^32.

FLOOR()

  Returns the largest integer value lesser or equal to the argument.

IDIV()

  Returns the result of an integer division of the first argument by the second argument. Both arguments must be of an integer type.

LN()

  Returns the natural logarithm of the argument (with the base of e=2.718...).

LOG10()

  Returns the common logarithm of the argument (with the base of 10).

LOG2()

  Returns the binary logarithm of the argument (with the base of 2).

MAX()

  Returns the bigger of two arguments.

MIN()

  Returns the smaller of two arguments.

POW()

  Returns the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.

SIN()

  Returns the sine of the argument.

SQRT()

  Returns the square root of the argument.

### 5.5.3. Date and time functions

DAY()

  Returns the integer day of month (in 1..31 range) from a timestamp argument, according to the current timezone. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

MONTH()

  Returns the integer month (in 1..12 range) from a timestamp argument, according to the current timezone. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

NOW()

  Returns the current timestamp as an INTEGER. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

YEAR()

  Returns the integer year (in 1969..2038 range) from a timestamp argument, according to the current timezone. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

YEARMONTH()

  Returns the integer year and month code (in 196912..203801 range) from a timestamp argument, according to the current timezone. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

YEARMONTHDAY()

  Returns the integer year, month, and date code (in 19691231..20380119 range) from a timestamp argument, according to the current timezone. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

### 5.5.4. Type conversion functions

BIGINT()

  Forcibly promotes the integer argument to 64-bit type, and does nothing on floating point argument. It's intended to help enforce evaluation of certain expressions (such as `a*b`) in 64-bit mode even though all the arguments are 32-bit. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

SINT()

  Forcibly reinterprets its 32-bit unsigned integer argument as signed, and also expands it to 64-bit type (because 32-bit type is unsigned). It's easily illustrated by the following example: 1-2 normally evaluates to 4294967295, but SINT(1-2) evaluates to -1. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

### 5.5.5. Comparison functions

IF()

  `IF()` behavior is slightly different that that of its MySQL counterpart. It takes 3 arguments, check whether the 1st argument is equal to 0.0, returns the 2nd argument if it is not zero, or the 3rd one when it is. Note that unlike comparison operators, `IF()` does not use a threshold! Therefore, it's safe to use comparison results as its 1st argument, but arithmetic operators might produce unexpected results. For instance, the following two calls will produce different results even though they are logically equivalent:

      IF ( sqrt(3)*sqrt(3)-3<>0, a, b )
      IF ( sqrt(3)*sqrt(3)-3, a, b )

  In the first case, the comparison operator <> will return 0.0 (false) because of a threshold, and `IF()` will always return 'b' as a result. In the second one, the same `sqrt(3)*sqrt(3)-3` expression will be compared with zero without threshold by the `IF()` function itself. But its value will be slightly different from zero because of limited floating point calculations precision. Because of that, the comparison with 0.0 done by `IF()` will not pass, and the second variant will return 'a' as a result.

IN()

  IN(expr,val1,val2,...), introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1, takes 2 or more arguments, and returns 1 if 1st argument (expr) is equal to any of the other arguments (val1..valN), or 0 otherwise. Currently, all the checked values (but not the expression itself!) are required to be constant. (Its technically possible to implement arbitrary expressions too, and that might be implemented in the future.) Constants are pre-sorted and then binary search is used, so IN() even against a big arbitrary list of constants will be very quick. Starting with 0.9.9-rc2, first argument can also be a MVA attribute. In that case, IN() will return 1 if any of the MVA values is equal to any of the other arguments. Starting with 2.0.1-beta, IN() also supports `IN(expr,@uservar)` syntax to check whether the value belongs to the list in the given global user variable.

INTERVAL()

  INTERVAL(expr,point1,point2,point3,...), introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1, takes 2 or more arguments, and returns the index of the argument that is less than the first argument: it returns 0 if expr<point1, 1 if point1<=expr<point2, and so on. It is required that point1<point2<...<pointN for this function to work correctly.

### 5.5.6. Miscellaneous functions

CRC32()

  Returns the CRC32 value of a string argument. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

GEODIST()

  GEODIST(lat1,long1,lat2,long2) function, introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2, computes geosphere distance between two given points specified by their coordinates. Note that both latitudes and longitudes must be in radians and the result will be in meters. You can use arbitrary expression as any of the four coordinates. An optimized path will be selected when one pair of the arguments refers directly to a pair attributes and the other one is constant.

## 5.6. Sorting modes

There are the following result sorting modes available:

- SPH_SORT_RELEVANCE mode, that sorts by relevance in descending order (best matches first);
- SPH_SORT_ATTR_DESC mode, that sorts by an attribute in descending order (bigger attribute values first);
- SPH_SORT_ATTR_ASC mode, that sorts by an attribute in ascending order (smaller attribute values first);
- SPH_SORT_TIME_SEGMENTS mode, that sorts by time segments (last hour/day/week/month) in descending order, and then by relevance in descending order;
- SPH_SORT_EXTENDED mode, that sorts by SQL-like combination of columns in ASC/DESC order;
- SPH_SORT_EXPR mode, that sorts by an arithmetic expression.

SPH_SORT_RELEVANCE ignores any additional parameters and always sorts matches by relevance rank. All other modes require an additional sorting clause, with the syntax depending on specific mode. SPH_SORT_ATTR_ASC, SPH_SORT_ATTR_DESC and SPH_SORT_TIME_SEGMENTS modes require simply an attribute name. SPH_SORT_RELEVANCE is equivalent to sorting by "@weight DESC, @id ASC" in extended sorting mode, SPH_SORT_ATTR_ASC is equivalent to "attribute ASC, @weight DESC, @id ASC", and SPH_SORT_ATTR_DESC to "attribute DESC, @weight DESC, @id ASC" respectively.

### SPH_SORT_TIME_SEGMENTS mode

In SPH_SORT_TIME_SEGMENTS mode, attribute values are split into so-called time segments, and then sorted by time segment first, and by relevance second.

The segments are calculated according to the current timestamp at the time when the search is performed, so the results would change over time. The segments are as follows:

- last hour,
- last day,
- last week,
- last month,
- last 3 months,
- everything else.

These segments are hardcoded, but it is trivial to change them if necessary.

This mode was added to support searching through blogs, news headlines, etc. When using time segments, recent records would be ranked higher because of segment, but withing the same segment, more relevant records would be ranked higher - unlike sorting by just the timestamp attribute, which would not take relevance into account at all.

### SPH_SORT_EXTENDED mode

In SPH_SORT_EXTENDED mode, you can specify an SQL-like sort expression with up to 5 attributes (including internal attributes), eg:

    @relevance DESC, price ASC, @id DESC

Both internal attributes (that are computed by the engine on the fly) and user attributes that were configured for this index are allowed. Internal attribute names must start with magic @-symbol; user attribute names can be used as is. In the example above, `@relevance` and `@id` are internal attributes and `price` is user-specified.

Known internal attributes are:

- @id (match ID)
- @weight (match weight)
- @rank (match weight)
- @relevance (match weight)
- @random (return results in random order)

`@rank` and `@relevance` are just additional aliases to `@weight`.

### SPH_SORT_EXPR mode

Expression sorting mode lets you sort the matches by an arbitrary arithmetic expression, involving attribute values, internal attributes (@id and @weight), arithmetic operations, and a number of built-in functions. Here's an example:

    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_EXPR,
    	"@weight + ( user_karma + ln(pageviews) )*0.1" );

The operators and functions supported in the expressions are discussed in a separate section, Section 5.5, “Expressions, functions, and operators”.

## 5.7. Grouping (clustering) search results

Sometimes it could be useful to group (or in other terms, cluster) search results and/or count per-group match counts - for instance, to draw a nice graph of how much maching blog posts were there per each month; or to group Web search results by site; or to group matching forum posts by author; etc.

In theory, this could be performed by doing only the full-text search in Sphinx and then using found IDs to group on SQL server side. However, in practice doing this with a big result set (10K-10M matches) would typically kill performance.

To avoid that, Sphinx offers so-called grouping mode. It is enabled with SetGroupBy() API call. When grouping, all matches are assigned to different groups based on group-by value. This value is computed from specified attribute using one of the following built-in functions:

- SPH_GROUPBY_DAY, extracts year, month and day in YYYYMMDD format from timestamp;
- SPH_GROUPBY_WEEK, extracts year and first day of the week number (counting from year start) in YYYYNNN format from timestamp;
- SPH_GROUPBY_MONTH, extracts month in YYYYMM format from timestamp;
- SPH_GROUPBY_YEAR, extracts year in YYYY format from timestamp;
- SPH_GROUPBY_ATTR, uses attribute value itself for grouping.

The final search result set then contains one best match per group. Grouping function value and per-group match count are returned along as "virtual" attributes named @group and @count respectively.

The result set is sorted by group-by sorting clause, with the syntax similar to `SPH_SORT_EXTENDED` sorting clause syntax. In addition to `@id` and `@weight`, group-by sorting clause may also include:

- @group (groupby function value),
- @count (amount of matches in group).

The default mode is to sort by groupby value in descending order, ie. by `"@group desc"`.

On completion, `total_found` result parameter would contain total amount of matching groups over he whole index.

WARNING: grouping is done in fixed memory and thus its results are only approximate; so there might be more groups reported in `total_found` than actually present. `@count` might also be underestimated. To reduce inaccuracy, one should raise `max_matches`. If `max_matches` allows to store all found groups, results will be 100% correct.

For example, if sorting by relevance and grouping by `"published"` attribute with `SPH_GROUPBY_DAY` function, then the result set will contain

- one most relevant match per each day when there were any matches published,
- with day number and per-day match count attached,
- sorted by day number in descending order (ie. recent days first).

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc2, aggregate functions (AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), SUM()) are supported through SetSelect() API call when using GROUP BY.

## 5.8. Distributed searching

To scale well, Sphinx has distributed searching capabilities. Distributed searching is useful to improve query latency (ie. search time) and throughput (ie. max queries/sec) in multi-server, multi-CPU or multi-core environments. This is essential for applications which need to search through huge amounts data (ie. billions of records and terabytes of text).

The key idea is to horizontally partition (HP) searched data accross search nodes and then process it in parallel.

Partitioning is done manually. You should

- setup several instances of Sphinx programs (`indexer` and `searchd`) on different servers;
- make the instances index (and search) different parts of data;
- configure a special distributed index on some of the `searchd` instances;
- and query this index.

This index only contains references to other local and remote indexes - so it could not be directly reindexed, and you should reindex those indexes which it references instead.

When `searchd` receives a query against distributed index, it does the following:

1. connects to configured remote agents;
2. issues the query;
3. sequentially searches configured local indexes (while the remote agents are searching);
4. retrieves remote agents' search results;
5. merges all the results together, removing the duplicates;
6. sends the merged resuls to client.

From the application's point of view, there are no differences between searching through a regular index, or a distributed index at all. That is, distributed indexes are fully transparent to the application, and actually there's no way to tell whether the index you queried was distributed or local. (Even though as of 0.9.9 Sphinx does not allow to combine searching through distributed indexes with anything else, this constraint will be lifted in the future.)

Any `searchd` instance could serve both as a master (which aggregates the results) and a slave (which only does local searching) at the same time. This has a number of uses:

1. every machine in a cluster could serve as a master which searches the whole cluster, and search requests could be balanced between masters to achieve a kind of HA (high availability) in case any of the nodes fails;
2. if running within a single multi-CPU or multi-core machine, there would be only 1 searchd instance quering itself as an agent and thus utilizing all CPUs/core.

It is scheduled to implement better HA support which would allow to specify which agents mirror each other, do health checks, keep track of alive agents, load-balance requests, etc.

## 5.9. `searchd` query log formats

In version 2.0.1-beta and above two query log formats are supported. Previous versions only supported a custom plain text format. That format is still the default one. However, while it might be more convenient for manual monitoring and review, but hard to replay for benchmarks, it only logs search queries but not the other types of requests, does not always contain the complete search query data, etc. The default text format is also harder (and sometimes impossible) to replay for benchmarking purposes. The new `sphinxql` format alleviates that. It aims to be complete and automatable, even though at the cost of brevity and readability.

### 5.9.1. Plain log format

By default, `searchd` logs all succesfully executed search queries into a query log file. Here's an example:

    [Fri Jun 29 21:17:58 2007] 0.004 sec [all/0/rel 35254 (0,20)] [lj] test
    [Fri Jun 29 21:20:34 2007] 0.024 sec [all/0/rel 19886 (0,20) @channel_id] [lj] test

This log format is as follows:

    [query-date] query-time [match-mode/filters-count/sort-mode
        total-matches (offset,limit) @groupby-attr] [index-name] query

Match mode can take one of the following values:

- "all" for SPH_MATCH_ALL mode;
- "any" for SPH_MATCH_ANY mode;
- "phr" for SPH_MATCH_PHRASE mode;
- "bool" for SPH_MATCH_BOOLEAN mode;
- "ext" for SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED mode;
- "ext2" for SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED2 mode;
- "scan" if the full scan mode was used, either by being specified with SPH_MATCH_FULLSCAN, or if the query was empty (as documented under Matching Modes)

Sort mode can take one of the following values:

- "rel" for SPH_SORT_RELEVANCE mode;
- "attr-" for SPH_SORT_ATTR_DESC mode;
- "attr+" for SPH_SORT_ATTR_ASC mode;
- "tsegs" for SPH_SORT_TIME_SEGMENTS mode;
- "ext" for SPH_SORT_EXTENDED mode.

Additionally, if `searchd` was started with `--iostats`, there will be a block of data after where the index(es) searched are listed.

A query log entry might take the form of:

    [Fri Jun 29 21:17:58 2007] 0.004 sec [all/0/rel 35254 (0,20)] [lj]
       [ios=6 kb=111.1 ms=0.5] test

This additional block is information regarding I/O operations in performing the search: the number of file I/O operations carried out, the amount of data in kilobytes read from the index files and time spent on I/O operations (although there is a background processing component, the bulk of this time is the I/O operation time).

### 5.9.2. SphinxQL log format

This is a new log format introduced in 2.0.1-beta, with the goals begin logging everything and then some, and in a format easy to automate (for insance, automatically replay). New format can either be enabled via the query_log_format directive in the configuration file, or switched back and forth on the fly with the `SET GLOBAL query_log_format=...` statement via SphinxQL. In the new format, the example from the previous section would look as follows. (Wrapped below for readability, but with just one query per line in the actual log.)

    /* Fri Jun 29 21:17:58.609 2007 2011 conn 2 wall 0.004 found 35254 */
    SELECT * FROM lj WHERE MATCH('test') OPTION ranker=proximity;

    /* Fri Jun 29 21:20:34 2007.555 conn 3 wall 0.024 found 19886 */
    SELECT * FROM lj WHERE MATCH('test') GROUP BY channel_id
    OPTION ranker=proximity;

Note that all requests would be logged in this format, including those sent via SphinxAPI and SphinxSE, not just those sent via SphinxQL. Also note, that this kind of logging works only with plain log files and will not work if you use 'syslog' for logging.

The features of SphinxQL log format compared to the default text one are as follows.

- All request types should be logged. (This is still work in progress.)
- Full statement data will be logged where possible.
- Errors and warnings are logged.
- The log should be automatically replayable via SphinxQL.
- Additional performance counters (currently, per-agent distributed query times) are logged.

Every request (including both SphinxAPI and SphinxQL) request must result in exactly one log line. All request types, including INSERT, CALL SNIPPETS, etc will eventually get logged, though as of time of this writing, that is a work in progress). Every log line must be a valid SphinxQL statement that reconstructs the full request, except if the logged request is too big and needs shortening for performance reasons. Additional messages, counters, etc can be logged in the comments section after the request.

## 5.10. MySQL protocol support and SphinxQL

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc2, Sphinx searchd daemon supports MySQL binary network protocol and can be accessed with regular MySQL API. For instance, 'mysql' CLI client program works well. Here's an example of querying Sphinx using MySQL client:

    $ mysql -P 9306
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 1
    Server version: 0.9.9-dev (r1734)

    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer.

    mysql> SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('test')
        -> ORDER BY group_id ASC OPTION ranker=bm25;
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    | id   | weight | group_id | date_added |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    |    4 |   1442 |        2 | 1231721236 |
    |    2 |   2421 |      123 | 1231721236 |
    |    1 |   2421 |      456 | 1231721236 |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Note that mysqld was not even running on the test machine. Everything was handled by searchd itself.

The new access method is supported in addition to native APIs which all still work perfectly well. In fact, both access methods can be used at the same time. Also, native API is still the default access method. MySQL protocol support needs to be additionally configured. This is a matter of 1-line config change, adding a new listener with mysql41 specified as a protocol:

    listen = localhost:9306:mysql41

Just supporting the protocol and not the SQL syntax would be useless so Sphinx now also supports a subset of SQL that we dubbed SphinxQL. It supports the standard querying all the index types with SELECT, modifying RT indexes with INSERT, REPLACE, and DELETE, and much more. Full SphinxQL reference is available in Chapter 7, SphinxQL reference.

## 5.11. Multi-queries

Multi-queries, or query batches, let you send multiple queries to Sphinx in one go (more formally, one network request).

Two API methods that implement multi-query mechanism are AddQuery() and RunQueries(). You can also run multiple queries with SphinxQL, see Section 7.21, “Multi-statement queries”. (In fact, regular Query() call is internally implemented as a single AddQuery() call immediately followed by RunQueries() call.) AddQuery() captures the current state of all the query settings set by previous API calls, and memorizes the query. RunQueries() actually sends all the memorized queries, and returns multiple result sets. There are no restrictions on the queries at all, except just a sanity check on a number of queries in a single batch (see Section 11.4.25, “max_batch_queries”).

Why use multi-queries? Generally, it all boils down to performance. First, by sending requests to `searchd` in a batch instead of one by one, you always save a bit by doing less network roundtrips. Second, and somewhat more important, sending queries in a batch enables `searchd` to perform certain internal optimizations. As new types of optimizations are being added over time, it generally makes sense to pack all the queries into batches where possible, so that simply upgrading Sphinx to a new version would automatically enable new optimizations. In the case when there aren't any possible batch optimizations to apply, queries will be processed one by one internally.

Why (or rather when) not use multi-queries? Multi-queries requires all the queries in a batch to be independent, and sometimes they aren't. That is, sometimes query B is based on query A results, and so can only be set up after executing query A. For instance, you might want to display results from a secondary index if and only if there were no results found in a primary index. Or maybe just specify offset into 2nd result set based on the amount of matches in the 1st result set. In that case, you will have to use separate queries (or separate batches).

As of 0.9.10, there are two major optimizations to be aware of: common query optimization (available since 0.9.8); and common subtree optimization (available since 0.9.10).

Common query optimization means that `searchd` will identify all those queries in a batch where only the sorting and group-by settings differ, and only perform searching once. For instance, if a batch consists of 3 queries, all of them are for "ipod nano", but 1st query requests top-10 results sorted by price, 2nd query groups by vendor ID and requests top-5 vendors sorted by rating, and 3rd query requests max price, full-text search for "ipod nano" will only be performed once, and its results will be reused to build 3 different result sets.

So-called faceted searching is a particularly important case that benefits from this optimization. Indeed, faceted searching can be implemented by running a number of queries, one to retrieve search results themselves, and a few other ones with same full-text query but different group-by settings to retrieve all the required groups of results (top-3 authors, top-5 vendors, etc). And as long as full-text query and filtering settings stay the same, common query optimization will trigger, and greatly improve performance.

Common subtree optimization is even more interesting. It lets `searchd` exploit similarities between batched full-text queries. It identifies common full-text query parts (subtress) in all queries, and caches them between queries. For instance, look at the following query batch:

    barack obama president
    barack obama john mccain
    barack obama speech

There's a common two-word part ("barack obama") that can be computed only once, then cached and shared across the queries. And common subtree optimization does just that. Per-query cache size is strictly controlled by subtree_docs_cache and subtree_hits_cache directives (so that caching all sxiteen gazillions of documents that match "i am" does not exhaust the RAM and instantly kill your server).

Here's a code sample (in PHP) that fire the same query in 3 different sorting modes:

    require ( "sphinxapi.php" );
    $cl = new SphinxClient ();
    $cl->SetMatchMode ( SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED );

    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_RELEVANCE );
    $cl->AddQuery ( "the", "lj" );
    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_EXTENDED, "published desc" );
    $cl->AddQuery ( "the", "lj" );
    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_EXTENDED, "published asc" );
    $cl->AddQuery ( "the", "lj" );
    $res = $cl->RunQueries();

How to tell whether the queries in the batch were actually optimized? If they were, respective query log will have a "multiplier" field that specifies how many queries were processed together:

    [Sun Jul 12 15:18:17.000 2009] 0.040 sec x3 [ext/0/rel 747541 (0,20)] [lj] the
    [Sun Jul 12 15:18:17.000 2009] 0.040 sec x3 [ext/0/ext 747541 (0,20)] [lj] the
    [Sun Jul 12 15:18:17.000 2009] 0.040 sec x3 [ext/0/ext 747541 (0,20)] [lj] the

Note the "x3" field. It means that this query was optimized and processed in a sub-batch of 3 queries. For reference, this is how the regular log would look like if the queries were not batched:

    [Sun Jul 12 15:18:17.062 2009] 0.059 sec [ext/0/rel 747541 (0,20)] [lj] the
    [Sun Jul 12 15:18:17.156 2009] 0.091 sec [ext/0/ext 747541 (0,20)] [lj] the
    [Sun Jul 12 15:18:17.250 2009] 0.092 sec [ext/0/ext 747541 (0,20)] [lj] the

Note how per-query time in multi-query case was improved by a factor of 1.5x to 2.3x, depending on a particular sorting mode. In fact, for both common query and common subtree optimizations, there were reports of 3x and even more improvements, and that's from production instances, not just synthetic tests.

## 5.12. Collations

Introduced to Sphinx in version 2.0.1-beta to supplement string sorting, collations essentially affect the string attribute comparisons. They specify both the character set encoding and the strategy that Sphinx uses to compare strings when doing ORDER BY or GROUP BY with a string attribute involved.

String attributes are stored as is when indexing, and no character set or language information is attached to them. That's okay as long as Sphinx only needs to store and return the strings to the calling application verbatim. But when you ask Sphinx to sort by a string value, that request immediately becomes quite ambiguous.

First, single-byte (ASCII, or ISO-8859-1, or Windows-1251) strings need to be processed differently that the UTF-8 ones that may encode every character with a variable number of bytes. So we need to know what is the character set type to interepret the raw bytes as meaningful characters properly.

Second, we additionally need to know the language-specific string sorting rules. For instance, when sorting according to US rules in en_US locale, the accented character 'ï' (small letter i with diaeresis) should be placed somewhere after 'z'. However, when sorting with French rules and fr_FR locale in mind, it should be placed between 'i' and 'j'. And some other set of rules might choose to ignore accents at all, allowing 'ï' and 'i' to be mixed arbitrarily.

Third, but not least, we might need case-sensitive sorting in some scenarios and case-insensitive sorting in some others.

Collations combine all of the above: the character set, the lanugage rules, and the case sensitivity. Sphinx currently provides the following four collations.

1. `libc_ci`
2. `libc_cs`
3. `utf8_general_ci`
4. `binary`

The first two collations rely on several standard C library (libc) calls and can thus support any locale that is installed on your system. They provide case-insensitive (_ci) and case-sensitive (_cs) comparisons respectively. By default they will use C locale, effectively resorting to bytewise comparisons. To change that, you need to specify a different available locale using collation_libc_locale directive. The list of locales available on your system can usually be obtained with the `locale` command:

    $ locale -a
    C
    en_AG
    en_AU.utf8
    en_BW.utf8
    en_CA.utf8
    en_DK.utf8
    en_GB.utf8
    en_HK.utf8
    en_IE.utf8
    en_IN
    en_NG
    en_NZ.utf8
    en_PH.utf8
    en_SG.utf8
    en_US.utf8
    en_ZA.utf8
    en_ZW.utf8
    es_ES
    fr_FR
    POSIX
    ru_RU.utf8
    ru_UA.utf8

The specific list of the system locales may vary. Consult your OS documentation to install additional needed locales.

`utf8_general_ci` and `binary` locales are built-in into Sphinx. The first one is a generic collation for UTF-8 data (without any so-called language tailoring); it should behave similar to `utf8_general_ci` collation in MySQL. The second one is a simple bytewise comparison.

Collation can be overriden via SphinxQL on a per-session basis using `SET collation_connection` statement. All subsequent SphinxQL queries will use this collation. SphinxAPI and SphinxSE queries will use the server default collation, as specified in collation_server configuration directive. Sphinx currently defaults to `libc_ci` collation.

Collations should affect all string attribute comparisons, including those within ORDER BY and GROUP BY, so differently ordered or grouped results can be returned depending on the collation chosen.

## 5.13. User-defined functions (UDF)

Starting with 2.0.1-beta, Sphinx supports User-Defined Functions, or UDF for short. They can be loaded and unloaded dynamically into `searchd` without having to restart the daemon, and used in expressions when searching. UDF features at a glance are as follows.

- Functions can take integer (both 32-bit and 64-bit), float, string, or MVA arguments.
- Functions can return integer or float values.
- Functions can check the argument number, types, and names and raise errors.
- Only simple functions (that is, non-aggregate ones) are currently supported.

User-defined functions need your OS to support dynamically loadable libraries (aka shared objects). Most of the modern OSes are eligible, including Linux, Windows, MacOS, Solaris, BSD and others. (The internal testing has been done on Linux and Windows.) The UDF libraries must reside in a directory specified by plugin_dir directive, and the server must be configured to use `workers = threads` mode. Relative paths to the library files are not allowed. Once the library is succesfully built and copied to the trusted location, you can then dynamically install and deinstall the functions using CREATE FUNCTION and DROP FUNCTION statements respectively. A single library can contain multiple functions. A library gets loaded when you first install a function from it, and unloaded when you deinstall all the functions from that library.

The library functions that will implement a UDF visible to SQL statements need to follow C calling convention, and a simple naming convention. Sphinx source distribution provides a sample file, src/udfexample.c, that defines a few simple functions showing how to work with integer, string, and MVA arguments; you can use that one as a foundation for your new functions. It includes the UDF interface header file, src/sphinxudf.h, that defines the required types and structures. `sphinxudf.h` header is standalone, that is, does not require any other parts of Sphinx source to compile.

Every function that you intend to use in your SELECT statements requires at least two corresponding C/C++ functions: the initialization call, and the function call itself. You can also optionally define the deinitialization call if your function requires any post-query cleanup. (For instance, if you were allocating any memory in either the initialization call or the function calls.) Function names in SQL are case insensitive, C function names are not. They need to be all lower-case. Mistakes in function name prevent UDFs from loading. You also have to pay special attention to the calling convention used when compiling, the list and the types of arguments, and the return type of the main function call. Mistakes in either are likely to crash the server, or result in unexpected results in the best case. Last but not least, all functions need to be thread-safe.

Let's assume for the sake of example that your UDF name in SphinxQL will be `MYFUNC`. The initialization, main, and deinitialization functions would then need to be named as follows and take the following arguments:

    /// initialization function
    /// called once during query initialization
    /// returns 0 on success
    /// returns non-zero and fills error_message buffer on failure
    int myfunc_init ( SPH_UDF_INIT * init, SPH_UDF_ARGS * args,
                      char * error_message );

    /// main call function
    /// returns the computed value
    /// writes non-zero value into error_flag to indicate errors
    RETURN_TYPE myfunc ( SPH_UDF_INIT * init, SPH_UDF_ARGS * args,
                         char * error_flag );

    /// optional deinitialization function
    /// called once to cleanup once query processing is done
    void myfunc_deinit ( SPH_UDF_INIT * init );

The two mentioned structures, `SPH_UDF_INIT` and `SPH_UDF_ARGS`, are defined in the `src/sphinxudf.h` interface header and documented there. `RETURN_TYPE` of the main function must be one of the following:

- `int` for the functions that return INT.
- `sphinx_int64_t` for the functions that return BIGINT.
- `float` for the functions that return FLOAT.

The calling sequence is as follows. `myfunc_init()` is called once when initializing the query. It can return a non-zero code to indicate a failure; in that case query is not executed, and the error message from the `error_message` buffer is returned. Otherwise, `myfunc()` is be called for every row, and a `myfunc_deinit()` is then called when the query ends. `myfunc()` can indicate an error by writing a non-zero byte value to `error_flag`, in that case, it will no more be called for subsequent rows, and a default value of 0 will be substituted. Sphinx might or might not choose to terminate such queries early, neither behavior is currently guaranteed.

## Chapter 6. Command line tools reference

As mentioned elsewhere, Sphinx is not a single program called 'sphinx', but a collection of 4 separate programs which collectively form Sphinx. This section covers these tools and how to use them.

## 6.1. `indexer` command reference

`indexer` is the first of the two principle tools as part of Sphinx. Invoked from either the command line directly, or as part of a larger script, `indexer` is solely responsible for gathering the data that will be searchable.

The calling syntax for `indexer` is as follows:

    indexer [OPTIONS] [indexname1 [indexname2 [...]]]

Essentially you would list the different possible indexes (that you would later make available to search) in `sphinx.conf`, so when calling `indexer`, as a minimum you need to be telling it what index (or indexes) you want to index.

If `sphinx.conf` contained details on 2 indexes, `mybigindex` and `mysmallindex`, you could do the following:

    $ indexer mybigindex
    $ indexer mysmallindex mybigindex

As part of the configuration file, `sphinx.conf`, you specify one or more indexes for your data. You might call `indexer` to reindex one of them, ad-hoc, or you can tell it to process all indexes - you are not limited to calling just one, or all at once, you can always pick some combination of the available indexes.

The majority of the options for `indexer` are given in the configuration file, however there are some options you might need to specify on the command line as well, as they can affect how the indexing operation is performed. These options are:

- `--config <file>` (`-c <file>` for short) tells `indexer` to use the given file as its configuration. Normally, it will look for `sphinx.conf` in the installation directory (e.g. `/usr/local/sphinx/etc/sphinx.conf` if installed into `/usr/local/sphinx`), followed by the current directory you are in when calling `indexer` from the shell. This is most of use in shared environments where the binary files are installed somewhere like `/usr/local/sphinx/` but you want to provide users with the ability to make their own custom Sphinx set-ups, or if you want to run multiple instances on a single server. In cases like those you could allow them to create their own `sphinx.conf` files and pass them to `indexer` with this option. For example:

      $ indexer --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf myindex

- `--all` tells `indexer` to update every index listed in `sphinx.conf`, instead of listing individual indexes. This would be useful in small configurations, or `cron`-type or maintenance jobs where the entire index set will get rebuilt each day, or week, or whatever period is best. Example usage:

      $ indexer --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf --all

- `--rotate` is used for rotating indexes. Unless you have the situation where you can take the search function offline without troubling users, you will almost certainly need to keep search running whilst indexing new documents. `--rotate` creates a second index, parallel to the first (in the same place, simply including `.new` in the filenames). Once complete, `indexer` notifies `searchd` via sending the `SIGHUP` signal, and `searchd` will attempt to rename the indexes (renaming the existing ones to include `.old` and renaming the `.new` to replace them), and then start serving from the newer files. Depending on the setting of seamless_rotate, there may be a slight delay in being able to search the newer indexes. Example usage:

      $ indexer --rotate --all

- `--quiet` tells `indexer` not to output anything, unless there is an error. Again, most used for `cron`-type, or other script jobs where the output is irrelevant or unnecessary, except in the event of some kind of error. Example usage:

      $ indexer --rotate --all --quiet

- `--noprogress` does not display progress details as they occur; instead, the final status details (such as documents indexed, speed of indexing and so on are only reported at completion of indexing. In instances where the script is not being run on a console (or 'tty'), this will be on by default. Example usage:

      $ indexer --rotate --all --noprogress

- `--buildstops <outputfile.text> <N>` reviews the index source, as if it were indexing the data, and produces a list of the terms that are being indexed. In other words, it produces a list of all the searchable terms that are becoming part of the index. Note; it does not update the index in question, it simply processes the data 'as if' it were indexing, including running queries defined with `sql_query_pre` or `sql_query_post`. `outputfile.txt` will contain the list of words, one per line, sorted by frequency with most frequent first, and `N` specifies the maximum number of words that will be listed; if sufficiently large to encompass every word in the index, only that many words will be returned. Such a dictionary list could be used for client application features around "Did you mean..." functionality, usually in conjunction with `--buildfreqs`, below. Example:

      $ indexer myindex --buildstops word_freq.txt 1000

  This would produce a document in the current directory, `word_freq.txt` with the 1,000 most common words in 'myindex', ordered by most common first. Note that the file will pertain to the last index indexed when specified with multiple indexes or `--all` (i.e. the last one listed in the configuration file)

- `--buildfreqs` works with `--buildstops` (and is ignored if `--buildstops` is not specified). As `--buildstops` provides the list of words used within the index, `--buildfreqs` adds the quantity present in the index, which would be useful in establishing whether certain words should be considered stopwords if they are too prevalent. It will also help with developing "Did you mean..." features where you can how much more common a given word compared to another, similar one. Example:

      $ indexer myindex --buildstops word_freq.txt 1000 --buildfreqs

  This would produce the `word_freq.txt` as above, however after each word would be the number of times it occurred in the index in question.

- `--merge <dst-index> <src-index>` is used for physically merging indexes together, for example if you have a main+delta scheme, where the main index rarely changes, but the delta index is rebuilt frequently, and `--merge` would be used to combine the two. The operation moves from right to left - the contents of `src-index` get examined and physically combined with the contents of `dst-index` and the result is left in `dst-index`. In pseudo-code, it might be expressed as: `dst-index += src-index` An example:

      $ indexer --merge main delta --rotate

  In the above example, where the main is the master, rarely modified index, and delta is the less frequently modified one, you might use the above to call `indexer` to combine the contents of the delta into the main index and rotate the indexes.

- `--merge-dst-range <attr> <min> <max>` runs the filter range given upon merging. Specifically, as the merge is applied to the destination index (as part of `--merge`, and is ignored if `--merge` is not specified), `indexer` will also filter the documents ending up in the destination index, and only documents will pass through the filter given will end up in the final index. This could be used for example, in an index where there is a 'deleted' attribute, where 0 means 'not deleted'. Such an index could be merged with:

      $ indexer --merge main delta --merge-dst-range deleted 0 0

  Any documents marked as deleted (value 1) would be removed from the newly-merged destination index. It can be added several times to the command line, to add successive filters to the merge, all of which must be met in order for a document to become part of the final index.

- `--merge-killlists` (and its shorter alias `--merge-klists`) changes the way kill lists are processed when merging indexes. By default, both kill lists get discarded after a merge. That supports the most typical main+delta merge scenario. With this option enabled, however, kill lists from both indexes get concatenated and stored into the destination index. Note that a source (delta) index kill list will be used to suppress rows from a destation (main) index at all times.
- `--dump-rows <FILE>` dumps rows fetched by SQL source(s) into the specified file, in a MySQL compatible syntax. Resulting dumps are the exact representation of data as received by `indexer` and help to repeat indexing-time issues.
- `--verbose` guarantees that every row that caused problems indexing (duplicate, zero, or missing document ID; or file field IO issues; etc) will be reported. By default, this option is off, and problem summaries may be reported instead.
- `--sighup-each` is useful when you are rebuilding many big indexes, and want each one rotated into `searchd` as soon as possible. With `--sighup-each`, `indexer` will send a SIGHUP signal to searchd after succesfully completing the work on each index. (The default behavior is to send a single SIGHUP after all the indexes were built.)
- `--print-queries` prints out SQL queries that `indexer` sends to the database, along with SQL connection and disconnection events. That is useful to diagnose and fix problems with SQL sources.

## 6.2. `searchd` command reference

`searchd` is the second of the two principle tools as part of Sphinx. `searchd` is the part of the system which actually handles searches; it functions as a server and is responsible for receiving queries, processing them and returning a dataset back to the different APIs for client applications.

Unlike `indexer`, `searchd` is not designed to be run either from a regular script or command-line calling, but instead either as a daemon to be called from init.d (on Unix/Linux type systems) or to be called as a service (on Windows-type systems), so not all of the command line options will always apply, and so will be build-dependent.

Calling `searchd` is simply a case of:

    $ searchd [OPTIONS]

The options available to `searchd` on all builds are:

- `--help` (`-h` for short) lists all of the parameters that can be called in your particular build of `searchd`.
- `--config <file>` (`-c <file>` for short) tells `searchd` to use the given file as its configuration, just as with `indexer` above.

- `--stop` is used to asynchronously stop `searchd`, using the details of the PID file as specified in the `sphinx.conf` file, so you may also need to confirm to `searchd` which configuration file to use with the `--config` option. NB, calling `--stop` will also make sure any changes applied to the indexes with `UpdateAttributes()` will be applied to the index files themselves. Example:

      $ searchd --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf --stop

- `--stopwait` is used to synchronously stop `searchd`. `--stop` essentially tells the running instance to exit (by sending it a SIGTERM) and then immediately returns. `--stopwait` will also attempt to wait until the running `searchd` instance actually finishes the shutdown (eg. saves all the pending attribute changes) and exits. Example:

      $ searchd --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf --stopwait

  Possible exit codes are as follows:

  - 0 on success;
  - 1 if connection to running searchd daemon failed;
  - 2 if daemon reported an error during shutdown;
  - 3 if daemon crashed during shutdown.

- `--status` command is used to query running `searchd` instance status, using the connection details from the (optionally) provided configuration file. It will try to connect to the running instance using the first configured UNIX socket or TCP port. On success, it will query for a number of status and performance counter values and print them. You can use Status() API call to access the very same counters from your application. Examples:

      $ searchd --status
      $ searchd --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf --status

- `--pidfile` is used to explicitly force using a PID file (where the `searchd` process number is stored) despite any other debugging options that say otherwise (for instance, `--console`). This is a debugging option.

      $ searchd --console --pidfile

- `--console` is used to force `searchd` into console mode; typically it will be running as a conventional server application, and will aim to dump information into the log files (as specified in `sphinx.conf`). Sometimes though, when debugging issues in the configuration or the daemon itself, or trying to diagnose hard-to-track-down problems, it may be easier to force it to dump information directly to the console/command line from which it is being called. Running in console mode also means that the process will not be forked (so searches are done in sequence) and logs will not be written to. (It should be noted that console mode is not the intended method for running `searchd`.) You can invoke it as such:

      $ searchd --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf --console

- `--logdebug`, `--logdebugv`, and `--logdebugvv` options enable additional debug output in the daemon log. They differ by the logging verboseness level. These are debugging options, they pollute the log a lot, and thus they should not be normally enabled. (The normal use case for these is to enable them temporarily on request, to assist with some particularly complicated debugging session.)

- `--iostats` is used in conjuction with the logging options (the `query_log` will need to have been activated in `sphinx.conf`) to provide more detailed information on a per-query basis as to the input/output operations carried out in the course of that query, with a slight performance hit and of course bigger logs. Further details are available under the query log format section. You might start `searchd` thus:

      $ searchd --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf --iostats

- `--cpustats` is used to provide actual CPU time report (in addition to wall time) in both query log file (for every given query) and status report (aggregated). It depends on clock_gettime() system call and might therefore be unavailable on certain systems. You might start `searchd` thus:

      $ searchd --config /home/myuser/sphinx.conf --cpustats

- `--port portnumber` (`-p` for short) is used to specify the port that `searchd` should listen on, usually for debugging purposes. This will usually default to 9312, but sometimes you need to run it on a different port. Specifying it on the command line will override anything specified in the configuration file. The valid range is 0 to 65535, but ports numbered 1024 and below usually require a privileged account in order to run. An example of usage:

      $ searchd --port 9313

- `--listen ( address ":" port | port | path ) [ ":" protocol ]` (or `-l` for short) Works as `--port`, but allow you to specify not only the port, but full path, as IP address and port, or Unix-domain socket path, that `searchd` will listen on. Otherwords, you can specify either an IP address (or hostname) and port number, or just a port number, or Unix socket path. If you specify port number but not the address, searchd will listen on all network interfaces. Unix path is identified by a leading slash. As the last param you can also specify a protocol handler (listener) to be used for connections on this socket. Supported protocol values are 'sphinx' (Sphinx 0.9.x API protocol) and 'mysql41' (MySQL protocol used since 4.1 upto at least 5.1).

- `--index <index>` (or `-i <index>` for short) forces this instance of `searchd` only to serve the specified index. Like `--port`, above, this is usually for debugging purposes; more long-term changes would generally be applied to the configuration file itself. Example usage:

      $ searchd --index myindex

- `--strip-path` strips the path names from all the file names referenced from the index (stopwords, wordforms, exceptions, etc). This is useful for picking up indexes built on another machine with possibly different path layouts.

- `--replay-flags=<OPTIONS>` switch, added in version 2.0.2-beta, can be used to specify a list of extra binary log replay options. The supported options are:

  - `accept-desc-timestamp`, ignore descending transaction timestamps and replay such transactions anyway (the default behavior is to exit with an error).

  Example:

      $ searchd --replay-flags=accept-desc-timestamp

There are some options for `searchd` that are specific to Windows platforms, concerning handling as a service, are only be available on Windows binaries.

Note that on Windows searchd will default to `--console` mode, unless you install it as a service.

- `--install` installs `searchd` as a service into the Microsoft Management Console (Control Panel / Administrative Tools / Services). Any other parameters specified on the command line, where `--install` is specified will also become part of the command line on future starts of the service. For example, as part of calling `searchd`, you will likely also need to specify the configuration file with `--config`, and you would do that as well as specifying `--install`. Once called, the usual start/stop facilities will become available via the management console, so any methods you could use for starting, stopping and restarting services would also apply to `searchd`. Example:

      C:\WINDOWS\system32> C:\Sphinx\bin\searchd.exe --install
         --config C:\Sphinx\sphinx.conf

  If you wanted to have the I/O stats every time you started `searchd`, you would specify its option on the same line as the `--install` command thus:

      C:\WINDOWS\system32> C:\Sphinx\bin\searchd.exe --install
         --config C:\Sphinx\sphinx.conf --iostats

- `--delete` removes the service from the Microsoft Management Console and other places where services are registered, after previously installed with `--install`. Note, this does not uninstall the software or delete the indexes. It means the service will not be called from the services systems, and will not be started on the machine's next start. If currently running as a service, the current instance will not be terminated (until the next reboot, or `searchd` is called with `--stop`). If the service was installed with a custom name (with `--servicename`), the same name will need to be specified with `--servicename` when calling to uninstall. Example:

      C:\WINDOWS\system32> C:\Sphinx\bin\searchd.exe --delete

- `--servicename <name>` applies the given name to `searchd` when installing or deleting the service, as would appear in the Management Console; this will default to searchd, but if being deployed on servers where multiple administrators may log into the system, or a system with multiple `searchd` instances, a more descriptive name may be applicable. Note that unless combined with `--install` or `--delete`, this option does not do anything. Example:

      C:\WINDOWS\system32> C:\Sphinx\bin\searchd.exe --install
         --config C:\Sphinx\sphinx.conf --servicename SphinxSearch

- `--ntservice` is the option that is passed by the Management Console to `searchd` to invoke it as a service on Windows platforms. It would not normally be necessary to call this directly; this would normally be called by Windows when the service would be started, although if you wanted to call this as a regular service from the command-line (as the complement to `--console`) you could do so in theory.
- `--safetrace` forces `searchd` to only use system backtrace() call in crash reports. In certain (rare) scenarios, this might be a "safer" way to get that report. This is a debugging option.
- `--nodetach` switch (Linux only) tells `searchd` not to detach into background. This will also cause log entry to be printed out to console. Query processing operates as usual. This is a debugging option.

Last but not least, as every other daemon, `searchd` supports a number of signals.

SIGTERM

  Initiates a clean shutdown. New queries will not be handled; but queries that are already started will not be forcibly interrupted.

SIGHUP

  Initiates index rotation. Depending on the value of seamless_rotate setting, new queries might be shortly stalled; clients will receive temporary errors.

SIGUSR1

  Forces reopen of searchd log and query log files, letting you implement log file rotation.

## 6.3. `search` command reference

`search` is one of the helper tools within the Sphinx package. Whereas `searchd` is responsible for searches in a server-type environment, `search` is aimed at testing the index from the command line, and testing the index quickly without building a framework to make the connection to the server and process its response.

Note: `search` is not intended to be deployed as part of a client application; it is strongly recommended you do not write an interface to `search` instead of `searchd`, and none of the bundled client APIs support this method. (In any event, `search` will reload files each time, whereas `searchd` will cache them in memory for performance.)

That said, many types of query that you could build in the APIs could also be made with `search`, however for very complex searches it may be easier to construct them using a small script and the corresponding API. Additionally, some newer features may be available in the `searchd` system that have not yet been brought into `search`.

The calling syntax for `search` is as follows:

    search [OPTIONS] word1 [word2 [word3 [...]]]

When calling `search`, it is not necessary to have `searchd` running; simply make sure that the account running the `search` program has read access to the configuration file and the index files.

The default behaviour is to apply a search for word1 (AND word2 AND word3... as specified) to all fields in all indexes as given in the configuration file. If constructing the equivalent in the API, this would be the equivalent to passing `SPH_MATCH_ALL` to `SetMatchMode`, and specifying `*` as the indexes to query as part of `Query`.

There are many options available to `search`. Firstly, the general options:

- `--config <file>` (`-c <file>` for short) tells `search` to use the given file as its configuration, just as with `indexer` above.
- `--index <index>` (`-i <index>` for short) tells `search` to limit searching to the specified index only; normally it would attempt to search all of the physical indexes listed in `sphinx.conf`, not any distributed ones.
- `--stdin` tells `search` to accept the query from the standard input, rather than the command line. This can be useful for testing purposes whereby you could feed input via pipes and from scripts.

Options for setting matches:

- `--any` (`-a` for short) changes the matching mode to match any of the words as part of the query (word1 OR word2 OR word3). In the API this would be equivalent to passing `SPH_MATCH_ANY` to `SetMatchMode`.
- `--phrase` (`-p` for short) changes the matching mode to match all of the words as part of the query, and do so in the phrase given (not including punctuation). In the API this would be equivalent to passing `SPH_MATCH_PHRASE` to `SetMatchMode`.
- `--boolean` (`-b` for short) changes the matching mode to Boolean matching. Note if using Boolean syntax matching on the command line, you may need to escape the symbols (with a backslash) to avoid the shell/command line processor applying them, such as ampersands being escaped on a Unix/Linux system to avoid it forking to the `search` process, although this can be resolved by using `--stdin`, as below. In the API this would be equivalent to passing `SPH_MATCH_BOOLEAN` to `SetMatchMode`.
- `--ext` (`-e` for short) changes the matching mode to extended matching which provides various text querying operators. In the API this would be equivalent to passing `SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED` to `SetMatchMode`.
- `--filter <attr> <v>` (`-f <attr> <v>` for short) filters the results such that only documents where the attribute given (attr) matches the value given (v). For example, `--filter deleted 0` only matches documents with an attribute called 'deleted' where its value is 0. You can also add multiple filters on the command line, by specifying multiple `--filter` multiple times, however if you apply a second filter to an attribute it will override the first defined filter.

Options for handling the results:

- `--limit <count>` (`-l count` for short) limits the total number of matches back to the number given. If a 'group' is specified, this will be the number of grouped results. This defaults to 20 results if not specified (as do the APIs)
- `--offset <count>` (`-o <count>` for short) offsets the result list by the number of places set by the count; this would be used for pagination through results, where if you have 20 results per 'page', the second page would begin at offset 20, the third page at offset 40, etc.
- `--group <attr>` (`-g <attr>` for short) specifies that results should be grouped together based on the attribute specified. Like the GROUP BY clause in SQL, it will combine all results where the attribute given matches, and returns a set of results where each returned result is the best from each group. Unless otherwise specified, this will be the best match on relevance.
- `--groupsort <expr>` (`-gs <expr>` for short) instructs that when results are grouped with `--group`, the expression given in <expr> shall determine the order of the groups. Note, this does not specify which is the best item within the group, only the order in which the groups themselves shall be returned.
- `--sortby <clause>` (`-s <clause>` for short) specifies that results should be sorted in the order listed in <clause>. This allows you to specify the order you wish results to be presented in, ordering by different columns. For example, you could say `--sortby "@weight DESC entrytime DESC"` to sort entries first by weight (or relevance) and where two or more entries have the same weight, to then sort by the time with the highest time (newest) first. You will usually need to put the items in quotes (`--sortby "@weight DESC"`) or use commas (`--sortby @weight,DESC`) to avoid the items being treated separately. Additionally, like the regular sorting modes, if `--group` (grouping) is being used, this will state how to establish the best match within each group.
- `--sortexpr expr` (`-S expr` for short) specifies that the search results should be presented in an order determined by an arithmetic expression, stated in expr. For example: `--sortexpr "@weight + ( user_karma + ln(pageviews) )*0.1"` (again noting that this will have to be quoted to avoid the shell dealing with the asterisk). Extended sort mode is discussed in more detail under the `SPH_SORT_EXTENDED` entry under the Sorting modes section of the manual.
- `--sort=date` specifies that the results should be sorted by descending (i.e. most recent first) date. This requires that there is an attribute in the index that is set as a timestamp.
- `--rsort=date` specifies that the results should be sorted by ascending (i.e. oldest first) date. This requires that there is an attribute in the index that is set as a timestamp.
- `--sort=ts` specifies that the results should be sorted by timestamp in groups; it will return all of the documents whose timestamp is within the last hour, then sorted within that bracket for relevance. After, it would return the documents from the last day, sorted by relevance, then the last week and then the last month. It is discussed in more detail under the `SPH_SORT_TIME_SEGMENTS` entry under the Sorting modes section of the manual.

Other options:

- `--noinfo` (`-q` for short) instructs `search` not to look-up data in your SQL database. Specifically, for debugging with MySQL and `search`, you can provide it with a query to look up the full article based on the returned document ID. It is explained in more detail under the sql_query_info directive.

## 6.4. `spelldump` command reference

`spelldump` is one of the helper tools within the Sphinx package.

It is used to extract the contents of a dictionary file that uses `ispell` or `MySpell` format, which can help build word lists for wordforms - all of the possible forms are pre-built for you.

Its general usage is:

    spelldump [options] <dictionary> <affix> [result] [locale-name]

The two main parameters are the dictionary's main file and its affix file; usually these are named as `[language-prefix].dict` and `[language-prefix].aff` and will be available with most common Linux distributions, as well as various places online.

`[result]` specifies where the dictionary data should be output to, and `[locale-name]` additionally specifies the locale details you wish to use.

There is an additional option, `-c [file]`, which specifies a file for case conversion details.

Examples of its usage are:

    spelldump en.dict en.aff
    spelldump ru.dict ru.aff ru.txt ru_RU.CP1251
    spelldump ru.dict ru.aff ru.txt .1251

The results file will contain a list of all the words in the dictionary in alphabetical order, output in the format of a wordforms file, which you can use to customise for your specific circumstances. An example of the result file:

    zone > zone
    zoned > zoned
    zoning > zoning

## 6.5. `indextool` command reference

`indextool` is one of the helper tools within the Sphinx package, introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2. It is used to dump miscellaneous debug information about the physical index. (Additional functionality such as index verification is planned in the future, hence the indextool name rather than just indexdump.) Its general usage is:

    indextool <command> [options]

The only currently available option applies to all commands and lets you specify the configuration file:

- `--config <file>` (`-c <file>` for short) overrides the built-in config file names.

The commands are as follows:

- `--dumpheader FILENAME.sph` quickly dumps the provided index header file without touching any other index files or even the configuration file. The report provides a breakdown of all the index settings, in particular the entire attribute and field list. Prior to 0.9.9-rc2, this command was present in CLI search utility.
- `--dumpconfig FILENAME.sph` dumps the index definition from the given index header file in (almost) compliant `sphinx.conf` file format. Added in version 2.0.1-beta.
- `--dumpheader INDEXNAME` dumps index header by index name with looking up the header path in the configuration file.
- `--dumpdocids INDEXNAME` dumps document IDs by index name. It takes the data from attribute (.spa) file and therefore requires docinfo=extern to work.
- `--dumphitlist INDEXNAME KEYWORD` dumps all the hits (occurences) of a given keyword in a given index, with keyword specified as text.
- `--dumphitlist INDEXNAME --wordid ID` dumps all the hits (occurences) of a given keyword in a given index, with keyword specified as internal numeric ID.
- `--htmlstrip INDEXNAME` filters stdin using HTML stripper settings for a given index, and prints the filtering results to stdout. Note that the settings will be taken from sphinx.conf, and not the index header.
- `--check INDEXNAME` checks the index data files for consistency errors that might be introduced either by bugs in `indexer` and/or hardware faults. Starting with version 2.0.2-beta, `--check` also works on RT indexes, but checks disk chunks only.
- `--strip-path` strips the path names from all the file names referenced from the index (stopwords, wordforms, exceptions, etc). This is useful for checking indexes built on another machine with possibly different path layouts.
- `--optimize-rt-klists` optimizes the kill list memory use in the disk chunk of a given RT index. That is a one-off optimization intended for rather old RT indexes, created by development versions prior to 1.10-beta release. As of 1.10-beta releases, this kill list optimization (purging) should happen automatically, and there should never be a need to use this option.

## Chapter 7. SphinxQL reference

SphinxQL is our SQL dialect that exposes all of the search daemon functionality using a standard SQL syntax with a few Sphinx-specific extensions. Everything available via the SphinxAPI is also available SphinxQL but not vice versa; for instance, writes into RT indexes are only available via SphinxQL. This chapter documents supported SphinxQL statements syntax.

## 7.1. SELECT syntax

    SELECT
        select_expr [, select_expr ...]
        FROM index [, index2 ...]
        [WHERE where_condition]
        [GROUP BY {col_name | expr_alias}]
        [WITHIN GROUP ORDER BY {col_name | expr_alias} {ASC | DESC}]
        [ORDER BY {col_name | expr_alias} {ASC | DESC} [, ...]]
        [LIMIT offset, row_count]
        [OPTION opt_name = opt_value [, ...]]

SELECT statement was introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2. It's syntax is based upon regular SQL but adds several Sphinx-specific extensions and has a few omissions (such as (currently) missing support for JOINs). Specifically,

- Column list clause. Column names, arbitrary expressions, and star ('*') are all allowed (ie. `SELECT @id, group_id*123+456 AS expr1 FROM test1` will work). Unlike in regular SQL, all computed expressions must be aliased with a valid identifier. Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, `AS` is optional. Special names such as @id and @weight should currently be used with leading at-sign. This at-sign requirement will be lifted in the future.
- FROM clause. FROM clause should contain the list of indexes to search through. Unlike in regular SQL, comma means enumeration of full-text indexes as in Query() API call rather than JOIN. Index name should be according to the rules of a C identifier.
- WHERE clause. This clause will map both to fulltext query and filters. Comparison operators (=, !=, <, >, <=, >=), IN, AND, NOT, and BETWEEN are all supported and map directly to filters. OR is not supported yet but will be in the future. MATCH('query') is supported and maps to fulltext query. Query will be interpreted according to full-text query language rules. There must be at most one MATCH() in the clause. Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, `{col_name | expr_alias} [NOT] IN @uservar` condition syntax is supported. (Refer to Section 7.7, “SET syntax” for a discussion of global user variables.)

- GROUP BY clause. Currently only supports grouping by a single column. The column however can be a computed expression:

      SELECT *, group_id*1000+article_type AS gkey FROM example GROUP BY gkey

  Aggregate functions (AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), SUM()) in column list clause are supported. Arguments to aggregate functions can be either plain attributes or arbitrary expressions. COUNT(*) is implicitly supported as using GROUP BY will add @count column to result set. Explicit support might be added in the future. COUNT(DISTINCT attr) is supported. Currently there can be at most one COUNT(DISTINCT) per query and an argument needs to be an attribute. Both current restrictions on COUNT(DISTINCT) might be lifted in the future.

      SELECT *, AVG(price) AS avgprice, COUNT(DISTINCT storeid)
      FROM products
      WHERE MATCH('ipod')
      GROUP BY vendorid

  Starting with 2.0.1-beta, GROUP BY on a string attribute is supported, with respect for current collation (see Section 5.12, “Collations”).

- WITHIN GROUP ORDER BY clause. This is a Sphinx specific extension that lets you control how the best row within a group will to be selected. The syntax matches that of regular ORDER BY clause:

      SELECT *, INTERVAL(posted,NOW()-7*86400,NOW()-86400) AS timeseg
      FROM example WHERE MATCH('my search query')
      GROUP BY siteid
      WITHIN GROUP ORDER BY @weight DESC
      ORDER BY timeseg DESC, @weight DESC

  Starting with 2.0.1-beta, WITHIN GROUP ORDER BY on a string attribute is supported, with respect for current collation (see Section 5.12, “Collations”).

- ORDER BY clause. Unlike in regular SQL, only column names (not expressions) are allowed and explicit ASC and DESC are required. The columns however can be computed expressions:

      SELECT *, @weight*10+docboost AS skey FROM example ORDER BY skey

  Starting with 2.0.1-beta, ORDER BY on a string attribute is supported, with respect for current collation (see Section 5.12, “Collations”).

  Starting with 2.0.2-beta, ORDER BY RAND() syntax is supported. Note that this syntax is actually going to randomize the weight values and then order matches by those randomized weights.

- LIMIT clause. Both LIMIT N and LIMIT M,N forms are supported. Unlike in regular SQL (but like in Sphinx API), an implicit LIMIT 0,20 is present by default.

- OPTION clause. This is a Sphinx specific extension that lets you control a number of per-query options. The syntax is:

      OPTION <optionname>=<value> [ , ... ]

  Supported options and respectively allowed values are:

  - 'ranker' - any of 'proximity_bm25', 'bm25', 'none', 'wordcount', 'proximity', 'matchany', or 'fieldmask'
  - 'max_matches' - integer (per-query max matches value)
  - 'cutoff' - integer (max found matches threshold)
  - 'max_query_time' - integer (max search time threshold, msec)
  - 'retry_count' - integer (distributed retries count)
  - 'retry_delay' - integer (distributed retry delay, msec)
  - 'field_weights' - a named integer list (per-field user weights for ranking)
  - 'index_weights' - a named integer list (per-index user weights for ranking)
  - 'reverse_scan' - 0 or 1, lets you control the order in which full-scan query processes the rows
  - 'comment' - string, user comment that gets copied to a query log file

  Example:

      SELECT * FROM test WHERE MATCH('@title hello @body world')
      OPTION ranker=bm25, max_matches=3000,
          field_weights=(title=10, body=3)

## 7.2. SHOW META syntax

    SHOW META

SHOW META shows additional meta-information about the latest query such as query time and keyword statistics:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('test|one|two');
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    | id   | weight | group_id | date_added |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    |    1 |   3563 |      456 | 1231721236 |
    |    2 |   2563 |      123 | 1231721236 |
    |    4 |   1480 |        2 | 1231721236 |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

    mysql> SHOW META;
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | total         | 3     |
    | total_found   | 3     |
    | time          | 0.005 |
    | keyword[0]    | test  |
    | docs[0]       | 3     |
    | hits[0]       | 5     |
    | keyword[1]    | one   |
    | docs[1]       | 1     |
    | hits[1]       | 2     |
    | keyword[2]    | two   |
    | docs[2]       | 1     |
    | hits[2]       | 2     |
    +---------------+-------+
    12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 7.3. SHOW WARNINGS syntax

    SHOW WARNINGS

SHOW WARNINGS statement, introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2, can be used to retrieve the warning produced by the latest query. The error message will be returned along with the query itself:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('@@title hello') \G
    ERROR 1064 (42000): index test1: syntax error, unexpected TOK_FIELDLIMIT
    near '@title hello'

    mysql> SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('@title -hello') \G
    ERROR 1064 (42000): index test1: query is non-computable (single NOT operator)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE MATCH('"test doc"/3') \G
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
            id: 4
        weight: 2500
      group_id: 2
    date_added: 1231721236
    1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SHOW WARNINGS \G
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
      Level: warning
       Code: 1000
    Message: quorum threshold too high (words=2, thresh=3); replacing quorum operator
             with AND operator
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

## 7.4. SHOW STATUS syntax

SHOW STATUS, introduced in version 0.9.9-rc2, displays a number of useful performance counters. IO and CPU counters will only be available if searchd was started with --iostats and --cpustats switches respectively.

    mysql> SHOW STATUS;
    +--------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name      | Value |
    +--------------------+-------+
    | uptime             | 216   |
    | connections        | 3     |
    | maxed_out          | 0     |
    | command_search     | 0     |
    | command_excerpt    | 0     |
    | command_update     | 0     |
    | command_keywords   | 0     |
    | command_persist    | 0     |
    | command_status     | 0     |
    | agent_connect      | 0     |
    | agent_retry        | 0     |
    | queries            | 10    |
    | dist_queries       | 0     |
    | query_wall         | 0.075 |
    | query_cpu          | OFF   |
    | dist_wall          | 0.000 |
    | dist_local         | 0.000 |
    | dist_wait          | 0.000 |
    | query_reads        | OFF   |
    | query_readkb       | OFF   |
    | query_readtime     | OFF   |
    | avg_query_wall     | 0.007 |
    | avg_query_cpu      | OFF   |
    | avg_dist_wall      | 0.000 |
    | avg_dist_local     | 0.000 |
    | avg_dist_wait      | 0.000 |
    | avg_query_reads    | OFF   |
    | avg_query_readkb   | OFF   |
    | avg_query_readtime | OFF   |
    +--------------------+-------+
    29 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 7.5. INSERT and REPLACE syntax

    {INSERT | REPLACE} INTO index [(column, ...)]
    	VALUES (value, ...)
    	[, (...)]

INSERT statement, introduced in version 1.10-beta, is only supported for RT indexes. It inserts new rows (documents) into an existing index, with the provided column values.

ID column must be present in all cases. Rows with duplicate IDs will not be overwritten by INSERT; use REPLACE to do that.

`index` is the name of RT index into which the new row(s) should be inserted. The optional column names list lets you only explicitly specify values for some of the columns present in the index. All the other columns will be filled with their default values (0 for scalar types, empty string for text types).

Expressions are not currently supported in INSERT and values should be explicitly specified.

Multiple rows can be inserted using a single INSERT statement by providing several comma-separated, parens-enclosed lists of rows values.

## 7.6. DELETE syntax

    DELETE FROM index WHERE {id = value | id IN (val1 [, val2 [, ...]])}

DELETE statement, introduced in version 1.10-beta, is only supported for RT indexes. It deletes existing rows (documents) from an existing index based on ID.

`index` is the name of RT index from which the row should be deleted. `value` is the row ID to be deleted. Support for batch `id IN (2,3,5)` syntax was added in version 2.0.1-beta.

Additional types of WHERE conditions (such as conditions on attributes, etc) are planned, but not supported yet as of 1.10-beta.

## 7.7. SET syntax

    SET [GLOBAL] server_variable_name = value
    SET GLOBAL @user_variable_name = (int_val1 [, int_val2, ...])
    SET NAMES value
    SET @@dummy_variable = ignored_value

SET statement, introduced in version 1.10-beta, modifies a variable value. The variable names are case-insensitive. No variable value changes survive server restart.

SET NAMES statement and SET @@variable_name syntax, both introduced in version 2.0.2-beta, do nothing. They were implemented to maintain compatibility with 3rd party MySQL client libraries, connectors, and frameworks that may need to run this statement when connecting.

There are the following classes of the variables:

1. per-session server variable (1.10-beta and above)
2. global server variable (2.0.1-beta and above)
3. global user variable (2.0.1-beta and above)

Global user variables are shared between concurrent sessions. Currently, the only supported value type is the list of BIGINTs, and these variables can only be used along with IN() for filtering purpose. The intended usage scenario is uploading huge lists of values to `searchd` (once) and reusing them (many times) later, saving on network overheads. Example:

    // in session 1
    mysql> SET GLOBAL @myfilter=(2,3,5,7,11,13);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    // later in session 2
    mysql> SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE group_id IN @myfilter;
    +------+--------+----------+------------+-----------------+------+
    | id   | weight | group_id | date_added | title           | tag  |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+-----------------+------+
    |    3 |      1 |        2 | 1299338153 | another doc     | 15   |
    |    4 |      1 |        2 | 1299338153 | doc number four | 7,40 |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+-----------------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

Per-session and global server variables affect certain server settings in the respective scope. Known per-session server variables are:

`AUTOCOMMIT = {0 | 1}`

  Whether any data modification statement should be implicitly wrapped by BEGIN and COMMIT. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

`COLLATION_CONNECTION = collation_name`

  Selects the collation to be used for ORDER BY or GROUP BY on string values in the subsequent queries. Refer to Section 5.12, “Collations” for a list of known collation names. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

`CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS = charset_name`

  Does nothing; a placeholder to support frameworks, clients, and connectors that attempt to automatically enforce a charset when connecting to a Sphinx server. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

`SQL_AUTO_IS_NULL = value`

  Does nothing; a placeholder to support frameworks, clients, and connectors that attempt to automatically enforce a charset when connecting to a Sphinx server. Introduced in version 2.0.2-beta.

`SQL_MODE = value`

  Does nothing; a placeholder to support frameworks, clients, and connectors that attempt to automatically enforce a charset when connecting to a Sphinx server. Introduced in version 2.0.2-beta.

Known global server variables are:

`QUERY_LOG_FORMAT = {plain | sphinxql}`

  Changes the current log format. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

`LOG_LEVEL = {info | debug | debugv | debugvv}`

  Changes the current log verboseness level. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Examples:

    mysql> SET autocommit=0;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SET GLOBAL query_log_format=sphinxql;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

## 7.8. SET TRANSACTION syntax

    SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL { READ UNCOMMITTED
    	| READ COMMITTED
    	| REPEATABLE READ
    	| SERIALIZABLE }

SET TRANSACTION statement, introduced in version 2.0.2-beta, does nothing. It was implemented to maintain compatibility with 3rd party MySQL client libraries, connectors, and frameworks that may need to run this statement when connecting.

Example:

    mysql> SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

## 7.9. BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK syntax

    START TRANSACTION | BEGIN
    COMMIT
    ROLLBACK
    SET AUTOCOMMIT = {0 | 1}

BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements were introduced in version 1.10-beta. BEGIN statement (or its START TRANSACTION alias) forcibly commits pending transaction, if any, and begins a new one. COMMIT statement commits the current transaction, making all its changes permanent. ROLLBACK statement rolls back the current transaction, canceling all its changes. SET AUTOCOMMIT controls the autocommit mode in the active session.

AUTOCOMMIT is set to 1 by default, meaning that every statement that perfoms any changes on any index is implicitly wrapped in BEGIN and COMMIT.

Transactions are limited to a single RT index, and also limited in size. They are atomic, consistent, overly isolated, and durable. Overly isolated means that the changes are not only invisible to the concurrent transactions but even to the current session itself.

## 7.10. CALL SNIPPETS syntax

    CALL SNIPPETS(data, index, query[, opt_value AS opt_name[, ...]])

CALL SNIPPETS statement, introduced in version 1.10-beta, builds a snippet from provided data and query, using specified index settings.

`data` is the source data to extract a snippet from. It could be a single string, or the list of the strings enclosed in curly brackets. `index` is the name of the index from which to take the text processing settings. `query` is the full-text query to build snippets for. Additional options are documented in Section 8.7.1, “BuildExcerpts”. Usage example:

    CALL SNIPPETS('this is my document text', 'test1', 'hello world',
        5 AS around, 200 AS limit);
    CALL SNIPPETS(('this is my document text','this is my another text'), 'test1', 'hello world',
        5 AS around, 200 AS limit);
    CALL SNIPPETS(('data/doc1.txt','data/doc2.txt','/home/sphinx/doc3.txt'), 'test1', 'hello world',
        5 AS around, 200 AS limit, 1 AS load_files);

## 7.11. CALL KEYWORDS syntax

    CALL KEYWORDS(text, index, [hits])

CALL KEYWORDS statement, introduced in version 1.10-beta, splits text into particular keywords. It returns tokenized and normalized forms of the keywords, and, optionally, keyword statistics.

`text` is the text to break down to keywords. `index` is the name of the index from which to take the text processing settings. `hits` is an optional boolean parameter that specifies whether to return document and hit occurrence statistics.

## 7.12. SHOW TABLES syntax

    SHOW TABLES

SHOW TABLES statement, introduced in version 2.0.1-beta, enumerates all currently active indexes along with their types. As of 2.0.1-beta, existing index types are `local`, `distributed`, and `rt` respectively. Example:

    mysql> SHOW TABLES;
    +-------+-------------+
    | Index | Type        |
    +-------+-------------+
    | dist1 | distributed |
    | rt    | rt          |
    | test1 | local       |
    | test2 | local       |
    +-------+-------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 7.13. DESCRIBE syntax

    {DESC | DESCRIBE} index

DESCRIBE statement, introduced in version 2.0.1-beta, lists index columns and their associated types. Columns are document ID, full-text fields, and attributes. The order matches that in which fields and attributes are expected by INSERT and REPLACE statements. As of 2.0.1-beta, column types are `field`, `integer`, `timestamp`, `ordinal`, `bool`, `float`, `bigint`, `string`, and `mva`. ID column will be typed either `integer` or `bigint` based on whether the binaries were built with 32-bit or 64-bit document ID support. Example:

    mysql> DESC rt;
    +---------+---------+
    | Field   | Type    |
    +---------+---------+
    | id      | integer |
    | title   | field   |
    | content | field   |
    | gid     | integer |
    +---------+---------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 7.14. CREATE FUNCTION syntax

    CREATE FUNCTION udf_name
    	RETURNS {INT | BIGINT | FLOAT}
    	SONAME 'udf_lib_file'

CREATE FUNCTION statement, introduced in version 2.0.1-beta, installs a user-defined function (UDF) with the given name and type from the given library file. The library file must reside in a trusted plugin_dir directory. On success, the function is available for use in all subsequent queries that the server receives. Example:

    mysql> CREATE FUNCTION avgmva RETURNS INT SONAME 'udfexample.dll';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

    mysql> SELECT *, AVGMVA(tag) AS q from test1;
    +------+--------+---------+-----------+
    | id   | weight | tag     | q         |
    +------+--------+---------+-----------+
    |    1 |      1 | 1,3,5,7 | 4.000000  |
    |    2 |      1 | 2,4,6   | 4.000000  |
    |    3 |      1 | 15      | 15.000000 |
    |    4 |      1 | 7,40    | 23.500000 |
    +------+--------+---------+-----------+

## 7.15. DROP FUNCTION syntax

    DROP FUNCTION udf_name

DROP FUNCTION statement, introduced in version 2.0.1-beta, deinstalls a user-defined function (UDF) with the given name. On success, the function is no longer available for use in subsequent queries. Pending concurrent queries will not be affected and the library unload, if necessary, will be postponed until those queries complete. Example:

    mysql> DROP FUNCTION avgmva;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

## 7.16. SHOW VARIABLES syntax

    SHOW [{GLOBAL | SESSION}] VARIABLES

SHOW VARIABLES statement was added in version 2.0.1-beta to improve compatibility with 3rd party MySQL connectors and frameworks that automatically execute this statement.

In version 2.0.1-beta, it did nothing.

Starting from version 2.0.2-beta, it returns the current values of a few server-wide variables. Also, support for GLOBAL and SESSION clauses was added.

    mysql> SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES;
    +----------------------+----------+
    | Variable_name        | Value    |
    +----------------------+----------+
    | autocommit           | 1        |
    | collation_connection | libc_ci  |
    | query_log_format     | sphinxql |
    | log_level            | info     |
    +----------------------+----------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 7.17. SHOW COLLATION syntax

    SHOW COLLATION

Added in version 2.0.1-beta, this is currently a placeholder query that does nothing and reports success. That is in order to keep compatibility with frameworks and connectors that automatically execute this statement.

    mysql> SHOW COLLATION;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

## 7.18. UPDATE syntax

    UPDATE index SET col1 = newval1 [, ...] WHERE where_condition

UPDATE statement was added in version 2.0.1-beta. Multiple attributes and values can be specified in a single statement. Both RT and disk indexes are supported.

As of version 2.0.2-beta, all atributes types (int, bigint, float, MVA) except for strings can be updated. Previously, some of the types were not supported.

`where_condition` (also added in 2.0.2-beta) has the same syntax as in the SELECT statement (see Section 7.1, “SELECT syntax” for details).

When assigning the out-of-range values to 32-bit attributes, they will be trimmed to their lower 32 bits without a prompt. For example, if you try to update the 32-bit unsigned int with a value of 4294967297, the value of 1 will actually be stored, because the lower 32 bits of 4294967297 (0x100000001 in hex) amount to 1 (0x00000001 in hex).

MVA values sets for updating (and also for INSERT or REPLACE, refer to Section 7.5, “INSERT and REPLACE syntax”) must be specificed as comma-separated lists in parentheses. To erase the MVA value, just assign () to it.

    mysql> UPDATE myindex SET enabled=0 WHERE id=123;
    Query OK, 1 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> UPDATE myindex
      SET bigattr=-100000000000,
        fattr=3465.23,
        mvattr1=(3,6,4),
        mvattr2=()
      WHERE MATCH('hehe') AND enabled=1;
    Query OK, 148 rows affected (0.01 sec)

## 7.19. ATTACH INDEX syntax

    ATTACH INDEX diskindex TO RTINDEX rtindex

ATTACH INDEX statement, added in version 2.0.2-beta, lets you move data from a regular disk index to a RT index.

After a successful ATTACH, the data originally stored in the source disk index becomes a part of the target RT index, and the source disk index becomes unavailable (until the next rebuild). ATTACH does not result in any index data changes. Basically, it just renames the files (making the source index a new disk chunk of the target RT index), and updates the metadata. So it is a generally quick operation which might (frequently) complete as fast as under a second.

Note that when an index is attached to an empty RT index, the fields, attributes, and text processing settings (tokenizer, wordforms, etc) from the source index are copied over and take effect. The respective parts of the RT index definition from the configuration file will be ignored.

As of 2.0.2-beta, ATTACH INDEX comes with a number of restrictions. Most notably, the target RT index is currently required to be empty, making ATTACH INDEX a one-time conversion operation only. Those restrictions may be lifted in future releases, as we add the needed functionality to the RT indexes. The complete list is as follows.

- Target RT index needs to be empty.
- Source disk index needs to have index_sp=0, boundary_step=0, stopword_step=1, dict=crc settings.
- Source disk index needs to have an empty index_zones setting.

    mysql> DESC rt;
    +-----------+---------+
    | Field     | Type    |
    +-----------+---------+
    | id        | integer |
    | testfield | field   |
    | testattr  | uint    |
    +-----------+---------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM disk WHERE MATCH('test');
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    | id   | weight | group_id | date_added |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    |    1 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    |    2 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    |    3 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    |    4 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> ATTACH INDEX disk TO RTINDEX rt;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> DESC rt;
    +------------+-----------+
    | Field      | Type      |
    +------------+-----------+
    | id         | integer   |
    | title      | field     |
    | content    | field     |
    | group_id   | uint      |
    | date_added | timestamp |
    +------------+-----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM rt WHERE MATCH('test');
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    | id   | weight | group_id | date_added |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    |    1 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    |    2 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    |    3 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    |    4 |   1304 |        1 | 1313643256 |
    +------+--------+----------+------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM disk WHERE MATCH('test');
    ERROR 1064 (42000): no enabled local indexes to search

## 7.20. FLUSH RTINDEX syntax

    FLUSH RTINDEX rtindex

FLUSH RTINDEX statement, added in version 2.0.2-beta, forcibly flushes RT index RAM chunk contents to disk.

Backing up a RT index is as simple as copying over its data files, followed by the binary log. However, recovering from that backup means that all the transactions in the log since the last successful RAM chunk write would need to be replayed. Those writes normally happen either on a clean shutdown, or periodically with a (big enough!) interval between writes specified in rt_flush_period directive. So such a backup made at an arbitrary point in time just might end up with way too much binary log data to replay.

FLUSH RTINDEX forcibly writes the RAM chunk contents to disk, and also causes the subsequent cleanup of (now-redundant) binary log files. Thus, recovering from a backup made just after FLUSH RTINDEX should be almost instant.

    mysql> FLUSH RTINDEX rt;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

## 7.21. Multi-statement queries

Starting version 2.0.1-beta, SphinxQL supports multi-statement queries, or batches. Possible inter-statement optimizations described in Section 5.11, “Multi-queries” do apply to SphinxQL just as well. The batched queries should be separated by a semicolon. Your MySQL client library needs to support MySQL multi-query mechanism and multiple result set. For instance, mysqli interface in PHP and DBI/DBD libraries in Perl are known to work.

Here's a PHP sample showing how to utilize mysqli interface with Sphinx.

    <?php

    $link = mysqli_connect ( "127.0.0.1", "root", "", "", 9306 );
    if ( mysqli_connect_errno() )
        die ( "connect failed: " . mysqli_connect_error() );

    $batch = "SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY group_id ASC;";
    $batch .= "SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY group_id DESC";

    if ( !mysqli_multi_query ( $link, $batch ) )
        die ( "query failed" );

    do
    {
        // fetch and print result set
        if ( $result = mysqli_store_result($link) )
        {
            while ( $row = mysqli_fetch_row($result) )
                printf ( "id=%s\n", $row[0] );
            mysqli_free_result($result);
        }

        // print divider
        if ( mysqli_more_results($link) )
            printf ( "------\n" );

    } while ( mysqli_next_result($link) );

Its output with the sample `test1` index included with Sphinx is as follows.

    $ php test_multi.php
    id=1
    id=2
    id=3
    id=4
    ------
    id=3
    id=4
    id=1
    id=2

The following statements can currently be used in a batch: SELECT, SHOW WARNINGS, SHOW STATUS, and SHOW META. Arbitrary sequence of these statements are allowed. The results sets returned should match those that would be returned if the batched queries were sent one by one.

## 7.22. Comment syntax

Since version 2.0.1-beta, SphinxQL supports C-style comment syntax. Everything from an opening `/*` sequence to a closing `*/` sequence is ignored. Comments can span multiple lines, can not nest, and should not get logged. MySQL specific `/*! ... */` comments are also currently ignored. (As the comments support was rather added for better compatibility with `mysqldump` produced dumps, rather than improving generaly query interoperability between Sphinx and MySQL.)

    SELECT /*! SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS */ col1 FROM table1 WHERE ...

## 7.23. List of SphinxQL reserved keywords

A complete alphabetical list of keywords that are currently reserved in SphinxQL syntax (and therefore can not be used as identifiers).

    AND
    AS
    ASC
    AVG
    BEGIN
    BETWEEN
    BY
    CALL
    COLLATION
    COMMIT
    COUNT
    DELETE
    DESC
    DESCRIBE
    DISTINCT
    FALSE
    FROM
    GLOBAL
    GROUP
    ID
    IN
    INSERT
    INTO
    LIMIT
    MATCH
    MAX
    META
    MIN
    NOT
    NULL
    OPTION
    OR
    ORDER
    REPLACE
    ROLLBACK
    SELECT
    SET
    SHOW
    START
    STATUS
    SUM
    TABLES
    TRANSACTION
    TRUE
    UPDATE
    VALUES
    VARIABLES
    WARNINGS
    WEIGHT
    WHERE
    WITHIN

## 7.24. SphinxQL upgrade notes, version 2.0.1-beta

This section only applies to existing applications that use SphinxQL versions prior to 2.0.1-beta.

In previous versions, SphinxQL just wrapped around SphinxAPI and inherited its magic columns and column set quirks. Essentially, SphinxQL queries could return (slightly) different columns and in a (slightly) different order than it was explicitly requested in the query. Namely, `weight` magic column (which is not a real column in any index) was added at all times, and GROUP BY related `@count`, `@group`, and `@distinct` magic columns were conditionally added when grouping. Also, the order of columns (attributes) in the result set was actually taken from the index rather than the query. (So if you asked for columns C, B, A in your query but they were in the A, B, C order in the index, they would have been returned in the A, B, C order.)

In version 2.0.1-beta, we fixed that. SphinxQL is now more SQL compliant (and will be further brought in as much compliance with standard SQL syntax as possible). That is not yet a breaking change, because `searchd` now supports `compat_sphinxql_magics` directive that flips between the old "compatibility" mode and the new "compliance" mode. However, the compatibility mode support is going to be removed in future, so it's strongly advised to update SphinxQL applications and switch to the compliance mode.

The important changes are as follows:

- `@ID` magic name is deprecated in favor of `ID`. Document ID is considered an attribute.

- `WEIGHT` is no longer implicitly returned, because it is not actually a column (an index attribute), but rather an internal function computed per each row (a match). You have to explicitly ask for it, using the `WEIGHT()` function. (The requirement to alias the result will be lifted in the next release.)

      SELECT id, WEIGHT() w FROM myindex WHERE MATCH('test')

- You can now use quoted reserved keywords as aliases. The quote character is backtick ("`", ASCII code 96 decimal, 60 hex). One particularly useful example would be returning `weight` column like the old mode:

      SELECT id, WEIGHT() `weight` FROM myindex WHERE MATCH('test')

- The column order is now different and should now match the one expliclitly defined in the query. So if you are accessing columns based on their position in the result set rather than the name (for instance, by using `mysql_fetch_row()` rather than `mysql_fetch_assoc()` in PHP), check and fix the order of columns in your queries.

- `SELECT *` return the columns in index order, as it used to, including the ID column. However, `SELECT *` does not automatically return WEIGHT(). To update such queries in case you access columns by names, simply add it to the query:

      SELECT *, WEIGHT() `weight` FROM myindex WHERE MATCH('test')

  Otherwise, i.e., in case you rely on column order, select ID, weight, and then other columns:

      SELECT id, *, WEIGHT() `weight` FROM myindex WHERE MATCH('test')

- Magic `@count` and `@distinct` attributes are no longer implicitly returned. You now have to explicitly ask for them when using GROUP BY. (Also note that you currently have to alias them; that requirement will be lifted in the future.)

      SELECT gid, COUNT(*) q FROM myindex WHERE MATCH('test')
      GROUP BY gid ORDER BY q DESC

## Chapter 8. API reference

There is a number of native searchd client API implementations for Sphinx. As of time of this writing, we officially support our own PHP, Python, and Java implementations. There also are third party free, open-source API implementations for Perl, Ruby, and C++.

The reference API implementation is in PHP, because (we believe) Sphinx is most widely used with PHP than any other language. This reference documentation is in turn based on reference PHP API, and all code samples in this section will be given in PHP.

However, all other APIs provide the same methods and implement the very same network protocol. Therefore the documentation does apply to them as well. There might be minor differences as to the method naming conventions or specific data structures used. But the provided functionality must not differ across languages.

## 8.1. General API functions

### 8.1.1. GetLastError

Prototype: function GetLastError()

Returns last error message, as a string, in human readable format. If there were no errors during the previous API call, empty string is returned.

You should call it when any other function (such as Query()) fails (typically, the failing function returns false). The returned string will contain the error description.

The error message is not reset by this call; so you can safely call it several times if needed.

### 8.1.2. GetLastWarning

Prototype: function GetLastWarning ()

Returns last warning message, as a string, in human readable format. If there were no warnings during the previous API call, empty string is returned.

You should call it to verify whether your request (such as Query()) was completed but with warnings. For instance, search query against a distributed index might complete succesfully even if several remote agents timed out. In that case, a warning message would be produced.

The warning message is not reset by this call; so you can safely call it several times if needed.

### 8.1.3. SetServer

Prototype: function SetServer ( $host, $port )

Sets `searchd` host name and TCP port. All subsequent requests will use the new host and port settings. Default host and port are 'localhost' and 9312, respectively.

### 8.1.4. SetRetries

Prototype: function SetRetries ( $count, $delay=0 )

Sets distributed retry count and delay.

On temporary failures `searchd` will attempt up to `$count` retries per agent. `$delay` is the delay between the retries, in milliseconds. Retries are disabled by default. Note that this call will not make the API itself retry on temporary failure; it only tells `searchd` to do so. Currently, the list of temporary failures includes all kinds of connect() failures and maxed out (too busy) remote agents.

### 8.1.5. SetConnectTimeout

Prototype: function SetConnectTimeout ( $timeout )

Sets the time allowed to spend connecting to the server before giving up.

Under some circumstances, the server can be delayed in responding, either due to network delays, or a query backlog. In either instance, this allows the client application programmer some degree of control over how their program interacts with `searchd` when not available, and can ensure that the client application does not fail due to exceeding the script execution limits (especially in PHP).

In the event of a failure to connect, an appropriate error code should be returned back to the application in order for application-level error handling to advise the user.

### 8.1.6. SetArrayResult

Prototype: function SetArrayResult ( $arrayresult )

PHP specific. Controls matches format in the search results set (whether matches should be returned as an array or a hash).

`$arrayresult` argument must be boolean. If `$arrayresult` is `false` (the default mode), matches will returned in PHP hash format with document IDs as keys, and other information (weight, attributes) as values. If `$arrayresult` is true, matches will be returned as a plain array with complete per-match information including document ID.

Introduced along with GROUP BY support on MVA attributes. Group-by-MVA result sets may contain duplicate document IDs. Thus they need to be returned as plain arrays, because hashes will only keep one entry per document ID.

### 8.1.7. IsConnectError

Prototype: function IsConnectError ()

Checks whether the last error was a network error on API side, or a remote error reported by searchd. Returns true if the last connection attempt to searchd failed on API side, false otherwise (if the error was remote, or there were no connection attempts at all). Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

## 8.2. General query settings

### 8.2.1. SetLimits

Prototype: function SetLimits ( $offset, $limit, $max_matches=1000, $cutoff=0 )

Sets offset into server-side result set (`$offset`) and amount of matches to return to client starting from that offset (`$limit`). Can additionally control maximum server-side result set size for current query (`$max_matches`) and the threshold amount of matches to stop searching at (`$cutoff`). All parameters must be non-negative integers.

First two parameters to SetLimits() are identical in behavior to MySQL LIMIT clause. They instruct `searchd` to return at most `$limit` matches starting from match number `$offset`. The default offset and limit settings are 0 and 20, that is, to return first 20 matches.

`max_matches` setting controls how much matches `searchd` will keep in RAM while searching. All matching documents will be normally processed, ranked, filtered, and sorted even if `max_matches` is set to 1. But only best N documents are stored in memory at any given moment for performance and RAM usage reasons, and this setting controls that N. Note that there are two places where `max_matches` limit is enforced. Per-query limit is controlled by this API call, but there also is per-server limit controlled by `max_matches` setting in the config file. To prevent RAM usage abuse, server will not allow to set per-query limit higher than the per-server limit.

You can't retrieve more than `max_matches` matches to the client application. The default limit is set to 1000. Normally, you must not have to go over this limit. One thousand records is enough to present to the end user. And if you're thinking about pulling the results to application for further sorting or filtering, that would be much more efficient if performed on Sphinx side.

`$cutoff` setting is intended for advanced performance control. It tells `searchd` to forcibly stop search query once `$cutoff` matches had been found and processed.

### 8.2.2. SetMaxQueryTime

Prototype: function SetMaxQueryTime ( $max_query_time )

Sets maximum search query time, in milliseconds. Parameter must be a non-negative integer. Default valus is 0 which means "do not limit".

Similar to `$cutoff` setting from SetLimits(), but limits elapsed query time instead of processed matches count. Local search queries will be stopped once that much time has elapsed. Note that if you're performing a search which queries several local indexes, this limit applies to each index separately.

### 8.2.3. SetOverride

Prototype: function SetOverride ( $attrname, $attrtype, $values )

Sets temporary (per-query) per-document attribute value overrides. Only supports scalar attributes. $values must be a hash that maps document IDs to overridden attribute values. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

Override feature lets you "temporary" update attribute values for some documents within a single query, leaving all other queries unaffected. This might be useful for personalized data. For example, assume you're implementing a personalized search function that wants to boost the posts that the user's friends recommend. Such data is not just dynamic, but also personal; so you can't simply put it in the index because you don't want everyone's searches affected. Overrides, on the other hand, are local to a single query and invisible to everyone else. So you can, say, setup a "friends_weight" value for every document, defaulting to 0, then temporary override it with 1 for documents 123, 456 and 789 (recommended by exactly the friends of current user), and use that value when ranking.

### 8.2.4. SetSelect

Prototype: function SetSelect ( $clause )

Sets the select clause, listing specific attributes to fetch, and expressions to compute and fetch. Clause syntax mimics SQL. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

SetSelect() is very similar to the part of a typical SQL query between SELECT and FROM. It lets you choose what attributes (columns) to fetch, and also what expressions over the columns to compute and fetch. A certain difference from SQL is that expressions must always be aliased to a correct identifier (consisting of letters and digits) using 'AS' keyword. SQL also lets you do that but does not require to. Sphinx enforces aliases so that the computation results can always be returned under a "normal" name in the result set, used in other clauses, etc.

Everything else is basically identical to SQL. Star ('*') is supported. Functions are supported. Arbitrary amount of expressions is supported. Computed expressions can be used for sorting, filtering, and grouping, just as the regular attributes.

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc2, aggregate functions (AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), SUM()) are supported when using GROUP BY.

Expression sorting (Section 5.6, “SPH_SORT_EXPR mode”) and geodistance functions (Section 8.4.5, “SetGeoAnchor”) are now internally implemented using this computed expressions mechanism, using magic names '@expr' and '@geodist' respectively.

#### Example:

    $cl->SetSelect ( "*, @weight+(user_karma+ln(pageviews))*0.1 AS myweight" );
    $cl->SetSelect ( "exp_years, salary_gbp*{$gbp_usd_rate} AS salary_usd,
       IF(age>40,1,0) AS over40" );
    $cl->SetSelect ( "*, AVG(price) AS avgprice" );

## 8.3. Full-text search query settings

### 8.3.1. SetMatchMode

Prototype: function SetMatchMode ( $mode )

Sets full-text query matching mode, as described in Section 5.1, “Matching modes”. Parameter must be a constant specifying one of the known modes.

WARNING: (PHP specific) you must not take the matching mode constant name in quotes, that syntax specifies a string and is incorrect:

    $cl->SetMatchMode ( "SPH_MATCH_ANY" ); // INCORRECT! will not work as expected
    $cl->SetMatchMode ( SPH_MATCH_ANY ); // correct, works OK

### 8.3.2. SetRankingMode

Prototype: function SetRankingMode ( $ranker, $rankexpr="" )

Sets ranking mode (aka ranker). Only available in SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED matching mode. Parameter must be a constant specifying one of the known rankers.

By default, in the EXTENDED matching mode Sphinx computes two factors which contribute to the final match weight. The major part is a phrase proximity value between the document text and the query. The minor part is so-called BM25 statistical function, which varies from 0 to 1 depending on the keyword frequency within document (more occurrences yield higher weight) and within the whole index (more rare keywords yield higher weight).

However, in some cases you'd want to compute weight differently - or maybe avoid computing it at all for performance reasons because you're sorting the result set by something else anyway. This can be accomplished by setting the appropriate ranking mode. The list of the modes is available in Section 5.4, “Search results ranking”.

`$rankexpr` argument was added in version 2.0.2-beta. It lets you specify a ranking formula to use with the expression based ranker, that is, when `$ranker` is set to SPH_RANK_EXPR. In all other cases, `$rankexpr` is ignored.

### 8.3.3. SetSortMode

Prototype: function SetSortMode ( $mode, $sortby="" )

Set matches sorting mode, as described in Section 5.6, “Sorting modes”. Parameter must be a constant specifying one of the known modes.

WARNING: (PHP specific) you must not take the matching mode constant name in quotes, that syntax specifies a string and is incorrect:

    $cl->SetSortMode ( "SPH_SORT_ATTR_DESC" ); // INCORRECT! will not work as expected
    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_ATTR_ASC ); // correct, works OK

### 8.3.4. SetWeights

Prototype: function SetWeights ( $weights )

Binds per-field weights in the order of appearance in the index. DEPRECATED, use SetFieldWeights() instead.

### 8.3.5. SetFieldWeights

Prototype: function SetFieldWeights ( $weights )

Binds per-field weights by name. Parameter must be a hash (associative array) mapping string field names to integer weights.

Match ranking can be affected by per-field weights. For instance, see Section 5.4, “Search results ranking” for an explanation how phrase proximity ranking is affected. This call lets you specify what non-default weights to assign to different full-text fields.

The weights must be positive 32-bit integers. The final weight will be a 32-bit integer too. Default weight value is 1. Unknown field names will be silently ignored.

There is no enforced limit on the maximum weight value at the moment. However, beware that if you set it too high you can start hitting 32-bit wraparound issues. For instance, if you set a weight of 10,000,000 and search in extended mode, then maximum possible weight will be equal to 10 million (your weight) by 1 thousand (internal BM25 scaling factor, see Section 5.4, “Search results ranking”) by 1 or more (phrase proximity rank). The result is at least 10 billion that does not fit in 32 bits and will be wrapped around, producing unexpected results.

### 8.3.6. SetIndexWeights

Prototype: function SetIndexWeights ( $weights )

Sets per-index weights, and enables weighted summing of match weights across different indexes. Parameter must be a hash (associative array) mapping string index names to integer weights. Default is empty array that means to disable weighting summing.

When a match with the same document ID is found in several different local indexes, by default Sphinx simply chooses the match from the index specified last in the query. This is to support searching through partially overlapping index partitions.

However in some cases the indexes are not just partitions, and you might want to sum the weights across the indexes instead of picking one. `SetIndexWeights()` lets you do that. With summing enabled, final match weight in result set will be computed as a sum of match weight coming from the given index multiplied by respective per-index weight specified in this call. Ie. if the document 123 is found in index A with the weight of 2, and also in index B with the weight of 3, and you called `SetIndexWeights ( array ( "A"=>100, "B"=>10 ) )`, the final weight return to the client will be 2*100+3*10 = 230.

## 8.4. Result set filtering settings

### 8.4.1. SetIDRange

Prototype: function SetIDRange ( $min, $max )

Sets an accepted range of document IDs. Parameters must be integers. Defaults are 0 and 0; that combination means to not limit by range.

After this call, only those records that have document ID between `$min` and `$max` (including IDs exactly equal to `$min` or `$max`) will be matched.

### 8.4.2. SetFilter

Prototype: function SetFilter ( $attribute, $values, $exclude=false )

Adds new integer values set filter.

On this call, additional new filter is added to the existing list of filters. `$attribute` must be a string with attribute name. `$values` must be a plain array containing integer values. `$exclude` must be a boolean value; it controls whether to accept the matching documents (default mode, when `$exclude` is false) or reject them.

Only those documents where `$attribute` column value stored in the index matches any of the values from `$values` array will be matched (or rejected, if `$exclude` is true).

### 8.4.3. SetFilterRange

Prototype: function SetFilterRange ( $attribute, $min, $max, $exclude=false )

Adds new integer range filter.

On this call, additional new filter is added to the existing list of filters. `$attribute` must be a string with attribute name. `$min` and `$max` must be integers that define the acceptable attribute values range (including the boundaries). `$exclude` must be a boolean value; it controls whether to accept the matching documents (default mode, when `$exclude` is false) or reject them.

Only those documents where `$attribute` column value stored in the index is between `$min` and `$max` (including values that are exactly equal to `$min` or `$max`) will be matched (or rejected, if `$exclude` is true).

### 8.4.4. SetFilterFloatRange

Prototype: function SetFilterFloatRange ( $attribute, $min, $max, $exclude=false )

Adds new float range filter.

On this call, additional new filter is added to the existing list of filters. `$attribute` must be a string with attribute name. `$min` and `$max` must be floats that define the acceptable attribute values range (including the boundaries). `$exclude` must be a boolean value; it controls whether to accept the matching documents (default mode, when `$exclude` is false) or reject them.

Only those documents where `$attribute` column value stored in the index is between `$min` and `$max` (including values that are exactly equal to `$min` or `$max`) will be matched (or rejected, if `$exclude` is true).

### 8.4.5. SetGeoAnchor

Prototype: function SetGeoAnchor ( $attrlat, $attrlong, $lat, $long )

Sets anchor point for and geosphere distance (geodistance) calculations, and enable them.

`$attrlat` and `$attrlong` must be strings that contain the names of latitude and longitude attributes, respectively. `$lat` and `$long` are floats that specify anchor point latitude and longitude, in radians.

Once an anchor point is set, you can use magic `"@geodist"` attribute name in your filters and/or sorting expressions. Sphinx will compute geosphere distance between the given anchor point and a point specified by latitude and lognitude attributes from each full-text match, and attach this value to the resulting match. The latitude and longitude values both in `SetGeoAnchor` and the index attribute data are expected to be in radians. The result will be returned in meters, so geodistance value of 1000.0 means 1 km. 1 mile is approximately 1609.344 meters.

## 8.5. GROUP BY settings

### 8.5.1. SetGroupBy

Prototype: function SetGroupBy ( $attribute, $func, $groupsort="@group desc" )

Sets grouping attribute, function, and groups sorting mode; and enables grouping (as described in Section 5.7, “Grouping (clustering) search results ”).

`$attribute` is a string that contains group-by attribute name. `$func` is a constant that chooses a function applied to the attribute value in order to compute group-by key. `$groupsort` is a clause that controls how the groups will be sorted. Its syntax is similar to that described in Section 5.6, “SPH_SORT_EXTENDED mode”.

Grouping feature is very similar in nature to GROUP BY clause from SQL. Results produces by this function call are going to be the same as produced by the following pseudo code:

    SELECT ... GROUP BY $func($attribute) ORDER BY $groupsort

Note that it's `$groupsort` that affects the order of matches in the final result set. Sorting mode (see Section 8.3.3, “SetSortMode”) affect the ordering of matches within group, ie. what match will be selected as the best one from the group. So you can for instance order the groups by matches count and select the most relevant match within each group at the same time.

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc2, aggregate functions (AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), SUM()) are supported through SetSelect() API call when using GROUP BY.

Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, grouping on string attributes is supported, with respect to current collation.

### 8.5.2. SetGroupDistinct

Prototype: function SetGroupDistinct ( $attribute )

Sets attribute name for per-group distinct values count calculations. Only available for grouping queries.

`$attribute` is a string that contains the attribute name. For each group, all values of this attribute will be stored (as RAM limits permit), then the amount of distinct values will be calculated and returned to the client. This feature is similar to `COUNT(DISTINCT)` clause in standard SQL; so these Sphinx calls:

    $cl->SetGroupBy ( "category", SPH_GROUPBY_ATTR, "@count desc" );
    $cl->SetGroupDistinct ( "vendor" );

can be expressed using the following SQL clauses:

    SELECT id, weight, all-attributes,
    	COUNT(DISTINCT vendor) AS @distinct,
    	COUNT(*) AS @count
    FROM products
    GROUP BY category
    ORDER BY @count DESC

In the sample pseudo code shown just above, `SetGroupDistinct()` call corresponds to `COUNT(DISINCT vendor)` clause only. `GROUP BY`, `ORDER BY`, and `COUNT(*)` clauses are all an equivalent of `SetGroupBy()` settings. Both queries will return one matching row for each category. In addition to indexed attributes, matches will also contain total per-category matches count, and the count of distinct vendor IDs within each category.

## 8.6. Querying

### 8.6.1. Query

Prototype: function Query ( $query, $index="*", $comment="" )

Connects to `searchd` server, runs given search query with current settings, obtains and returns the result set.

`$query` is a query string. `$index` is an index name (or names) string. Returns false and sets `GetLastError()` message on general error. Returns search result set on success. Additionally, the contents of `$comment` are sent to the query log, marked in square brackets, just before the search terms, which can be very useful for debugging. Currently, the comment is limited to 128 characters.

Default value for `$index` is `"*"` that means to query all local indexes. Characters allowed in index names include Latin letters (a-z), numbers (0-9), minus sign (-), and underscore (_); everything else is considered a separator. Therefore, all of the following samples calls are valid and will search the same two indexes:

    $cl->Query ( "test query", "main delta" );
    $cl->Query ( "test query", "main;delta" );
    $cl->Query ( "test query", "main, delta" );

Index specification order matters. If document with identical IDs are found in two or more indexes, weight and attribute values from the very last matching index will be used for sorting and returning to client (unless explicitly overridden with SetIndexWeights()). Therefore, in the example above, matches from "delta" index will always win over matches from "main".

On success, `Query()` returns a result set that contains some of the found matches (as requested by SetLimits()) and additional general per-query statistics. The result set is a hash (PHP specific; other languages might utilize other structures instead of hash) with the following keys and values:

"matches":

  Hash which maps found document IDs to another small hash containing document weight and attribute values (or an array of the similar small hashes if SetArrayResult() was enabled).

"total":

  Total amount of matches retrieved on server (ie. to the server side result set) by this query. You can retrieve up to this amount of matches from server for this query text with current query settings.

"total_found":

  Total amount of matching documents in index (that were found and procesed on server).

"words":

  Hash which maps query keywords (case-folded, stemmed, and otherwise processed) to a small hash with per-keyword statitics ("docs", "hits").

"error":

  Query error message reported by `searchd` (string, human readable). Empty if there were no errors.

"warning":

  Query warning message reported by `searchd` (string, human readable). Empty if there were no warnings.

It should be noted that `Query()` carries out the same actions as `AddQuery()` and `RunQueries()` without the intermediate steps; it is analoguous to a single `AddQuery()` call, followed by a corresponding `RunQueries()`, then returning the first array element of matches (from the first, and only, query.)

### 8.6.2. AddQuery

Prototype: function AddQuery ( $query, $index="*", $comment="" )

Adds additional query with current settings to multi-query batch. `$query` is a query string. `$index` is an index name (or names) string. Additionally if provided, the contents of `$comment` are sent to the query log, marked in square brackets, just before the search terms, which can be very useful for debugging. Currently, this is limited to 128 characters. Returns index to results array returned from RunQueries().

Batch queries (or multi-queries) enable `searchd` to perform internal optimizations if possible. They also reduce network connection overheads and search process creation overheads in all cases. They do not result in any additional overheads compared to simple queries. Thus, if you run several different queries from your web page, you should always consider using multi-queries.

For instance, running the same full-text query but with different sorting or group-by settings will enable `searchd` to perform expensive full-text search and ranking operation only once, but compute multiple group-by results from its output.

This can be a big saver when you need to display not just plain search results but also some per-category counts, such as the amount of products grouped by vendor. Without multi-query, you would have to run several queries which perform essentially the same search and retrieve the same matches, but create result sets differently. With multi-query, you simply pass all these querys in a single batch and Sphinx optimizes the redundant full-text search internally.

`AddQuery()` internally saves full current settings state along with the query, and you can safely change them afterwards for subsequent `AddQuery()` calls. Already added queries will not be affected; there's actually no way to change them at all. Here's an example:

    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_RELEVANCE );
    $cl->AddQuery ( "hello world", "documents" );

    $cl->SetSortMode ( SPH_SORT_ATTR_DESC, "price" );
    $cl->AddQuery ( "ipod", "products" );

    $cl->AddQuery ( "harry potter", "books" );

    $results = $cl->RunQueries ();

With the code above, 1st query will search for "hello world" in "documents" index and sort results by relevance, 2nd query will search for "ipod" in "products" index and sort results by price, and 3rd query will search for "harry potter" in "books" index while still sorting by price. Note that 2nd `SetSortMode()` call does not affect the first query (because it's already added) but affects both other subsequent queries.

Additionally, any filters set up before an `AddQuery()` will fall through to subsequent queries. So, if `SetFilter()` is called before the first query, the same filter will be in place for the second (and subsequent) queries batched through `AddQuery()` unless you call `ResetFilters()` first. Alternatively, you can add additional filters as well.

This would also be true for grouping options and sorting options; no current sorting, filtering, and grouping settings are affected by this call; so subsequent queries will reuse current query settings.

`AddQuery()` returns an index into an array of results that will be returned from `RunQueries()` call. It is simply a sequentially increasing 0-based integer, ie. first call will return 0, second will return 1, and so on. Just a small helper so you won't have to track the indexes manualy if you need then.

### 8.6.3. RunQueries

Prototype: function RunQueries ()

Connect to searchd, runs a batch of all queries added using `AddQuery()`, obtains and returns the result sets. Returns false and sets `GetLastError()` message on general error (such as network I/O failure). Returns a plain array of result sets on success.

Each result set in the returned array is exactly the same as the result set returned from `Query()`.

Note that the batch query request itself almost always succeds - unless there's a network error, blocking index rotation in progress, or another general failure which prevents the whole request from being processed.

However individual queries within the batch might very well fail. In this case their respective result sets will contain non-empty `"error"` message, but no matches or query statistics. In the extreme case all queries within the batch could fail. There still will be no general error reported, because API was able to succesfully connect to `searchd`, submit the batch, and receive the results - but every result set will have a specific error message.

### 8.6.4. ResetFilters

Prototype: function ResetFilters ()

Clears all currently set filters.

This call is only normally required when using multi-queries. You might want to set different filters for different queries in the batch. To do that, you should call `ResetFilters()` and add new filters using the respective calls.

### 8.6.5. ResetGroupBy

Prototype: function ResetGroupBy ()

Clears all currently group-by settings, and disables group-by.

This call is only normally required when using multi-queries. You can change individual group-by settings using `SetGroupBy()` and `SetGroupDistinct()` calls, but you can not disable group-by using those calls. `ResetGroupBy()` fully resets previous group-by settings and disables group-by mode in the current state, so that subsequent `AddQuery()` calls can perform non-grouping searches.

## 8.7. Additional functionality

### 8.7.1. BuildExcerpts

Prototype: function BuildExcerpts ( $docs, $index, $words, $opts=array() )

Excerpts (snippets) builder function. Connects to `searchd`, asks it to generate excerpts (snippets) from given documents, and returns the results.

`$docs` is a plain array of strings that carry the documents' contents. `$index` is an index name string. Different settings (such as charset, morphology, wordforms) from given index will be used. `$words` is a string that contains the keywords to highlight. They will be processed with respect to index settings. For instance, if English stemming is enabled in the index, "shoes" will be highlighted even if keyword is "shoe". Starting with version 0.9.9-rc1, keywords can contain wildcards, that work similarly to star-syntax available in queries. `$opts` is a hash which contains additional optional highlighting parameters:

"before_match":

  A string to insert before a keyword match. Starting with version 1.10-beta, a %PASSAGE_ID% macro can be used in this string. The macro is replaced with an incrementing passage number within a current snippet. Numbering starts at 1 by default but can be overridden with "start_passage_id" option. In a multi-document call, %PASSAGE_ID% would restart at every given document. Default is "<b>".

"after_match":

  A string to insert after a keyword match. Starting with version 1.10-beta, a %PASSAGE_ID% macro can be used in this string. Default is "</b>".

"chunk_separator":

  A string to insert between snippet chunks (passages). Default is " ... ".

"limit":

  Maximum snippet size, in symbols (codepoints). Integer, default is 256.

"around":

  How much words to pick around each matching keywords block. Integer, default is 5.

"exact_phrase":

  Whether to highlight exact query phrase matches only instead of individual keywords. Boolean, default is false.

"single_passage":

  Whether to extract single best passage only. Boolean, default is false.

"use_boundaries":

  Whether to additionaly break passages by phrase boundary characters, as configured in index settings with phrase_boundary directive. Boolean, default is false.

"weight_order":

  Whether to sort the extracted passages in order of relevance (decreasing weight), or in order of appearance in the document (increasing position). Boolean, default is false.

"query_mode":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. Whether to handle $words as a query in extended syntax, or as a bag of words (default behavior). For instance, in query mode ("one two" | "three four") will only highlight and include those occurrences "one two" or "three four" when the two words from each pair are adjacent to each other. In default mode, any single occurrence of "one", "two", "three", or "four" would be highlighted. Boolean, default is false.

"force_all_words":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. Ignores the snippet length limit until it includes all the keywords. Boolean, default is false.

"limit_passages":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. Limits the maximum number of passages that can be included into the snippet. Integer, default is 0 (no limit).

"limit_words":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. Limits the maximum number of keywords that can be included into the snippet. Integer, default is 0 (no limit).

"start_passage_id":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. Specifies the starting value of %PASSAGE_ID% macro (that gets detected and expanded in `before_match`, `after_match` strings). Integer, default is 1.

"load_files":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. Whether to handle $docs as data to extract snippets from (default behavior), or to treat it as file names, and load data from specified files on the server side. Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, up to dist_threads worker threads per request will be created to parallelize the work when this flag is enabled. Boolean, default is false. Starting with version 2.0.2-beta, building of the snippets could be parallelized between remote agents. Just set the 'dist_threads' param in the config to the value greater than 1, and then invoke the snippets generation over the distributed index, which contain only one(!) first(!) local agent and several remotes.

"load_files_scattered":

  Added in version 2.0.2-beta. It works only with distributed snippets generation with remote agents. The source files for snippets could be distributed among different agents, and the main daemon will merge together all non-erroneous results. So, if one agent of the distributed index has 'file1.txt', another has 'file2.txt' and you call for the snippets with both these files, the sphinx will merge results from the agents together, so you will get the snippets from both 'file1.txt' and 'file2.txt'. Boolean, default is false.

  If the "load_files" is also set, the request will return the error in case if any of the files is not available anywhere. Otherwise (if "load_files" is not set) it will just return the empty strings for all absent files. The master instance reset this flag when distributes the snippets among agents. So, for agents the absence of a file is not critical error, but for the master it might be so. If you want to be sure that all snippets are actually created, set both "load_files_scattered" and "load_files". If the absense of some snippets caused by some agents is not critical for you - set just "load_files_scattered", leaving "load_files" not set.

"html_strip_mode":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. HTML stripping mode setting. Defaults to "index", which means that index settings will be used. The other values are "none" and "strip", that forcibly skip or apply stripping irregardless of index settings; and "retain", that retains HTML markup and protects it from highlighting. The "retain" mode can only be used when highlighting full documents and thus requires that no snippet size limits are set. String, allowed values are "none", "strip", "index", and "retain".

"allow_empty":

  Added in version 1.10-beta. Allows empty string to be returned as highlighting result when a snippet could not be generated (no keywords match, or no passages fit the limit). By default, the beginning of original text would be returned instead of an empty string. Boolean, default is false.

"passage_boundary":

  Added in version 2.0.1-beta. Ensures that passages do not cross a sentence, paragraph, or zone boundary (when used with an index that has the respective indexing settings enabled). String, allowed values are "sentence", "paragraph", and "zone".

"emit_zones":

  Added in version 2.0.1-beta. Emits an HTML tag with an enclosing zone name before each passage. Boolean, default is false.

Snippets extraction algorithm currently favors better passages (with closer phrase matches), and then passages with keywords not yet in snippet. Generally, it will try to highlight the best match with the query, and it will also to highlight all the query keywords, as made possible by the limtis. In case the document does not match the query, beginning of the document trimmed down according to the limits will be return by default. Starting with 1.10-beta, you can also return an empty snippet instead case by setting "allow_empty" option to true.

Returns false on failure. Returns a plain array of strings with excerpts (snippets) on success.

### 8.7.2. UpdateAttributes

Prototype: function UpdateAttributes ( $index, $attrs, $values )

Instantly updates given attribute values in given documents. Returns number of actually updated documents (0 or more) on success, or -1 on failure.

`$index` is a name of the index (or indexes) to be updated. `$attrs` is a plain array with string attribute names, listing attributes that are updated. `$values` is a hash where key is document ID, and value is a plain array of new attribute values.

`$index` can be either a single index name or a list, like in `Query()`. Unlike `Query()`, wildcard is not allowed and all the indexes to update must be specified explicitly. The list of indexes can include distributed index names. Updates on distributed indexes will be pushed to all agents.

The updates only work with `docinfo=extern` storage strategy. They are very fast because they're working fully in RAM, but they can also be made persistent: updates are saved on disk on clean `searchd` shutdown initiated by SIGTERM signal. With additional restrictions, updates are also possible on MVA attributes; refer to mva_updates_pool directive for details.

Usage example:

    $cl->UpdateAttributes ( "test1", array("group_id"), array(1=>array(456)) );
    $cl->UpdateAttributes ( "products", array ( "price", "amount_in_stock" ),
    	array ( 1001=>array(123,5), 1002=>array(37,11), 1003=>(25,129) ) );

The first sample statement will update document 1 in index "test1", setting "group_id" to 456. The second one will update documents 1001, 1002 and 1003 in index "products". For document 1001, the new price will be set to 123 and the new amount in stock to 5; for document 1002, the new price will be 37 and the new amount will be 11; etc.

### 8.7.3. BuildKeywords

Prototype: function BuildKeywords ( $query, $index, $hits )

Extracts keywords from query using tokenizer settings for given index, optionally with per-keyword occurrence statistics. Returns an array of hashes with per-keyword information.

`$query` is a query to extract keywords from. `$index` is a name of the index to get tokenizing settings and keyword occurrence statistics from. `$hits` is a boolean flag that indicates whether keyword occurrence statistics are required.

Usage example:

    $keywords = $cl->BuildKeywords ( "this.is.my query", "test1", false );

### 8.7.4. EscapeString

Prototype: function EscapeString ( $string )

Escapes characters that are treated as special operators by the query language parser. Returns an escaped string.

`$string` is a string to escape.

This function might seem redundant because it's trivial to implement in any calling application. However, as the set of special characters might change over time, it makes sense to have an API call that is guaranteed to escape all such characters at all times.

Usage example:

    $escaped = $cl->EscapeString ( "escaping-sample@query/string" );

### 8.7.5. Status

Prototype: function Status ()

Queries searchd status, and returns an array of status variable name and value pairs.

Usage example:

    $status = $cl->Status ();
    foreach ( $status as $row )
    	print join ( ": ", $row ) . "\n";

### 8.7.6. FlushAttributes

Prototype: function FlushAttributes ()

Forces `searchd` to flush pending attribute updates to disk, and blocks until completion. Returns a non-negative internal "flush tag" on success. Returns -1 and sets an error message on error. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Attribute values updated using UpdateAttributes() API call are only kept in RAM until a so-called flush (which writes the current, possibly updated attribute values back to disk). FlushAttributes() call lets you enforce a flush. The call will block until `searchd` finishes writing the data to disk, which might take seconds or even minutes depending on the total data size (.spa file size). All the currently updated indexes will be flushed.

Flush tag should be treated as an ever growing magic number that does not mean anything. It's guaranteed to be non-negative. It is guaranteed to grow over time, though not necessarily in a sequential fashion; for instance, two calls that return 10 and then 1000 respectively are a valid situation. If two calls to FlushAttrs() return the same tag, it means that there were no actual attribute updates in between them, and therefore current flushed state remained the same (for all indexes).

Usage example:

    $status = $cl->FlushAttributes ();
    if ( $status<0 )
    	print "ERROR: " . $cl->GetLastError();

## 8.8. Persistent connections

Persistent connections allow to use single network connection to run multiple commands that would otherwise require reconnects.

### 8.8.1. Open

Prototype: function Open ()

Opens persistent connection to the server.

### 8.8.2. Close

Prototype: function Close ()

Closes previously opened persistent connection.

## Chapter 9. MySQL storage engine (SphinxSE)

## 9.1. SphinxSE overview

SphinxSE is MySQL storage engine which can be compiled into MySQL server 5.x using its pluggable architecure. It is not available for MySQL 4.x series. It also requires MySQL 5.0.22 or higher in 5.0.x series, or MySQL 5.1.12 or higher in 5.1.x series.

Despite the name, SphinxSE does not actually store any data itself. It is actually a built-in client which allows MySQL server to talk to `searchd`, run search queries, and obtain search results. All indexing and searching happen outside MySQL.

Obvious SphinxSE applications include:

- easier porting of MySQL FTS applications to Sphinx;
- allowing Sphinx use with progamming languages for which native APIs are not available yet;
- optimizations when additional Sphinx result set processing on MySQL side is required (eg. JOINs with original document tables, additional MySQL-side filtering, etc).

## 9.2. Installing SphinxSE

You will need to obtain a copy of MySQL sources, prepare those, and then recompile MySQL binary. MySQL sources (mysql-5.x.yy.tar.gz) could be obtained from dev.mysql.com Web site.

For some MySQL versions, there are delta tarballs with already prepared source versions available from Sphinx Web site. After unzipping those over original sources MySQL would be ready to be configured and built with Sphinx support.

If such tarball is not available, or does not work for you for any reason, you would have to prepare sources manually. You will need to GNU Autotools framework (autoconf, automake and libtool) installed to do that.

### 9.2.1. Compiling MySQL 5.0.x with SphinxSE

1. copy `sphinx.5.0.yy.diff` patch file into MySQL sources directory and run

       patch -p1 < sphinx.5.0.yy.diff

   If there's no .diff file exactly for the specific version you need to build, try applying .diff with closest version numbers. It is important that the patch should apply with no rejects.

2. in MySQL sources directory, run

       sh BUILD/autorun.sh

3. in MySQL sources directory, create `sql/sphinx` directory in and copy all files in `mysqlse` directory from Sphinx sources there. Example:

       cp -R /root/builds/sphinx-0.9.7/mysqlse /root/builds/mysql-5.0.24/sql/sphinx

4. configure MySQL and enable Sphinx engine:

       ./configure --with-sphinx-storage-engine

5. build and install MySQL:

       make
       make install

### 9.2.2. Compiling MySQL 5.1.x with SphinxSE

1. in MySQL sources directory, create `storage/sphinx` directory in and copy all files in `mysqlse` directory from Sphinx sources there. Example:

       cp -R /root/builds/sphinx-0.9.7/mysqlse /root/builds/mysql-5.1.14/storage/sphinx

2. in MySQL sources directory, run

       sh BUILD/autorun.sh

3. configure MySQL and enable Sphinx engine:

       ./configure --with-plugins=sphinx

4. build and install MySQL:

       make
       make install

### 9.2.3. Checking SphinxSE installation

To check whether SphinxSE has been succesfully compiled into MySQL, launch newly built servers, run mysql client and issue `SHOW ENGINES` query. You should see a list of all available engines. Sphinx should be present and "Support" column should contain "YES":

    mysql> show engines;
    +------------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Engine     | Support  | Comment                                                     |
    +------------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    | MyISAM     | DEFAULT  | Default engine as of MySQL 3.23 with great performance      |
      ...
    | SPHINX     | YES      | Sphinx storage engine                                       |
      ...
    +------------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
    13 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 9.3. Using SphinxSE

To search via SphinxSE, you would need to create special ENGINE=SPHINX "search table", and then SELECT from it with full text query put into WHERE clause for query column.

Let's begin with an example create statement and search query:

    CREATE TABLE t1
    (
        id          INTEGER UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
        weight      INTEGER NOT NULL,
        query       VARCHAR(3072) NOT NULL,
        group_id    INTEGER,
        INDEX(query)
    ) ENGINE=SPHINX CONNECTION="sphinx://localhost:9312/test";

    SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE query='test it;mode=any';

First 3 columns of search table must have a types of `INTEGER UNSINGED` or `BIGINT` for the 1st column (document id), `INTEGER` or `BIGINT` for the 2nd column (match weight), and `VARCHAR` or `TEXT` for the 3rd column (your query), respectively. This mapping is fixed; you can not omit any of these three required columns, or move them around, or change types. Also, query column must be indexed; all the others must be kept unindexed. Columns' names are ignored so you can use arbitrary ones.

Additional columns must be either `INTEGER`, `TIMESTAMP`, `BIGINT`, `VARCHAR`, or `FLOAT`. They will be bound to attributes provided in Sphinx result set by name, so their names must match attribute names specified in `sphinx.conf`. If there's no such attribute name in Sphinx search results, column will have `NULL` values.

Special "virtual" attributes names can also be bound to SphinxSE columns. `_sph_` needs to be used instead of `@` for that. For instance, to obtain the values of `@groupby`, `@count`, or `@distinct` virtual attributes, use `_sph_groupby`, `_sph_count` or `_sph_distinct` column names, respectively.

`CONNECTION` string parameter can be used to specify default searchd host, port and indexes for queries issued using this table. If no connection string is specified in `CREATE TABLE`, index name "*" (ie. search all indexes) and localhost:9312 are assumed. Connection string syntax is as follows:

    CONNECTION="sphinx://HOST:PORT/INDEXNAME"

You can change the default connection string later:

    ALTER TABLE t1 CONNECTION="sphinx://NEWHOST:NEWPORT/NEWINDEXNAME";

You can also override all these parameters per-query.

As seen in example, both query text and search options should be put into WHERE clause on search query column (ie. 3rd column); the options are separated by semicolons; and their names from values by equality sign. Any number of options can be specified. Available options are:

- query - query text;
- mode - matching mode. Must be one of "all", "any", "phrase", "boolean", or "extended". Default is "all";

- sort - match sorting mode. Must be one of "relevance", "attr_desc", "attr_asc", "time_segments", or "extended". In all modes besides "relevance" attribute name (or sorting clause for "extended") is also required after a colon:

      ... WHERE query='test;sort=attr_asc:group_id';
      ... WHERE query='test;sort=extended:@weight desc, group_id asc';

- offset - offset into result set, default is 0;
- limit - amount of matches to retrieve from result set, default is 20;

- index - names of the indexes to search:

      ... WHERE query='test;index=test1;';
      ... WHERE query='test;index=test1,test2,test3;';

- minid, maxid - min and max document ID to match;

- weights - comma-separated list of weights to be assigned to Sphinx full-text fields:

      ... WHERE query='test;weights=1,2,3;';

- filter, !filter - comma-separated attribute name and a set of values to match:

      # only include groups 1, 5 and 19
      ... WHERE query='test;filter=group_id,1,5,19;';

      # exclude groups 3 and 11
      ... WHERE query='test;!filter=group_id,3,11;';

- range, !range - comma-separated attribute name, min and max value to match:

      # include groups from 3 to 7, inclusive
      ... WHERE query='test;range=group_id,3,7;';

      # exclude groups from 5 to 25
      ... WHERE query='test;!range=group_id,5,25;';

- maxmatches - per-query max matches value, as in max_matches parameter to SetLimits() API call:

      ... WHERE query='test;maxmatches=2000;';

- cutoff - maximum allowed matches, as in cutoff parameter to SetLimits() API call:

      ... WHERE query='test;cutoff=10000;';

- maxquerytime - maximum allowed query time (in milliseconds), as in SetMaxQueryTime() API call:

      ... WHERE query='test;maxquerytime=1000;';

- groupby - group-by function and attribute, corresponding to SetGroupBy() API call:

      ... WHERE query='test;groupby=day:published_ts;';
      ... WHERE query='test;groupby=attr:group_id;';

- groupsort - group-by sorting clause:

      ... WHERE query='test;groupsort=@count desc;';

- distinct - an attribute to compute COUNT(DISTINCT) for when doing group-by, as in SetGroupDistinct() API call:

      ... WHERE query='test;groupby=attr:country_id;distinct=site_id';

- indexweights - comma-separated list of index names and weights to use when searching through several indexes:

      ... WHERE query='test;indexweights=idx_exact,2,idx_stemmed,1;';

- comment - a string to mark this query in query log (mapping to $comment parameter in Query() API call):

      ... WHERE query='test;comment=marker001;';

- select - a string with expressions to compute (mapping to SetSelect() API call):

      ... WHERE query='test;select=2*a+3*b as myexpr;';

- host, port - remote `searchd` host name and TCP port, respectively:

      ... WHERE query='test;host=sphinx-test.loc;port=7312;';

- ranker - a ranking function to use with "extended" matching mode, as in SetRankingMode() API call (the only mode that supports full query syntax). Known values are "proximity_bm25", "bm25", "none", "wordcount", "proximity", "matchany", "fieldmask"; and, starting with 2.0.4-release, "expr:EXPRESSION" syntax to support expression-based ranker (where EXPRESSION should be replaced with your specific ranking formula):

      ... WHERE query='test;mode=extended;ranker=bm25;';
      ... WHERE query='test;mode=extended;ranker=expr:sum(lcs);';

- geoanchor - geodistance anchor, as in SetGeoAnchor() API call. Takes 4 parameters which are latitude and longiture attribute names, and anchor point coordinates respectively:

      ... WHERE query='test;geoanchor=latattr,lonattr,0.123,0.456';

One very important note that it is much more efficient to allow Sphinx to perform sorting, filtering and slicing the result set than to raise max matches count and use WHERE, ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses on MySQL side. This is for two reasons. First, Sphinx does a number of optimizations and performs better than MySQL on these tasks. Second, less data would need to be packed by searchd, transferred and unpacked by SphinxSE.

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc1, additional query info besides result set could be retrieved with `SHOW ENGINE SPHINX STATUS` statement:

    mysql> SHOW ENGINE SPHINX STATUS;
    +--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------+
    | Type   | Name  | Status                                          |
    +--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------+
    | SPHINX | stats | total: 25, total found: 25, time: 126, words: 2 |
    | SPHINX | words | sphinx:591:1256 soft:11076:15945                |
    +--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

This information can also be accessed through status variables. Note that this method does not require super-user privileges.

    mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'sphinx_%';
    +--------------------+----------------------------------+
    | Variable_name      | Value                            |
    +--------------------+----------------------------------+
    | sphinx_total       | 25                               |
    | sphinx_total_found | 25                               |
    | sphinx_time        | 126                              |
    | sphinx_word_count  | 2                                |
    | sphinx_words       | sphinx:591:1256 soft:11076:15945 |
    +--------------------+----------------------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

You could perform JOINs on SphinxSE search table and tables using other engines. Here's an example with "documents" from example.sql:

    mysql> SELECT content, date_added FROM test.documents docs
    -> JOIN t1 ON (docs.id=t1.id)
    -> WHERE query="one document;mode=any";
    +-------------------------------------+---------------------+
    | content                             | docdate             |
    +-------------------------------------+---------------------+
    | this is my test document number two | 2006-06-17 14:04:28 |
    | this is my test document number one | 2006-06-17 14:04:28 |
    +-------------------------------------+---------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> SHOW ENGINE SPHINX STATUS;
    +--------+-------+---------------------------------------------+
    | Type   | Name  | Status                                      |
    +--------+-------+---------------------------------------------+
    | SPHINX | stats | total: 2, total found: 2, time: 0, words: 2 |
    | SPHINX | words | one:1:2 document:2:2                        |
    +--------+-------+---------------------------------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 9.4. Building snippets (excerpts) via MySQL

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc2, SphinxSE also includes a UDF function that lets you create snippets through MySQL. The functionality is fully similar to BuildExcerprts API call but accesible through MySQL+SphinxSE.

The binary that provides the UDF is named `sphinx.so` and should be automatically built and installed to proper location along with SphinxSE itself. If it does not get installed automatically for some reason, look for `sphinx.so` in the build directory and copy it to the plugins directory of your MySQL instance. After that, register the UDF using the following statement:

    CREATE FUNCTION sphinx_snippets RETURNS STRING SONAME 'sphinx.so';

Function name must be sphinx_snippets, you can not use an arbitrary name. Function arguments are as follows:

Prototype: function sphinx_snippets ( document, index, words, [options] );

Document and words arguments can be either strings or table columns. Options must be specified like this: `'value' AS option_name`. For a list of supported options, refer to BuildExcerprts() API call. The only UDF-specific additional option is named `'sphinx'` and lets you specify searchd location (host and port).

Usage examples:

    SELECT sphinx_snippets('hello world doc', 'main', 'world',
        'sphinx://192.168.1.1/' AS sphinx, true AS exact_phrase,
        '[b]' AS before_match, '[/b]' AS after_match)
    FROM documents;

    SELECT title, sphinx_snippets(text, 'index', 'mysql php') AS text
        FROM sphinx, documents
        WHERE query='mysql php' AND sphinx.id=documents.id;

## Chapter 10. Reporting bugs

Unfortunately, Sphinx is not yet 100% bug free (even though I'm working hard towards that), so you might occasionally run into some issues.

Reporting as much as possible about each bug is very important - because to fix it, I need to be able either to reproduce and debug the bug, or to deduce what's causing it from the information that you provide. So here are some instructions on how to do that.

## Build-time issues

If Sphinx fails to build for some reason, please do the following:

1. check that headers and libraries for your DBMS are properly installed (for instance, check that `mysql-devel` package is present);

2. report Sphinx version and config file (be sure to remove the passwords!), MySQL (or PostgreSQL) configuration info, gcc version, OS version and CPU type (ie. x86, x86-64, PowerPC, etc):

       mysql_config
       gcc --version
       uname -a

3. report the error message which is produced by `configure` or `gcc` (it should be to include error message itself only, not the whole build log).

## Run-time issues

If Sphinx builds and runs, but there are any problems running it, please do the following:

1. describe the bug (ie. both the expected behavior and actual behavior) and all the steps necessary to reproduce it;

2. include Sphinx version and config file (be sure to remove the passwords!), MySQL (or PostgreSQL) version, gcc version, OS version and CPU type (ie. x86, x86-64, PowerPC, etc):

       mysql --version
       gcc --version
       uname -a

3. build, install and run debug versions of all Sphinx programs (this is to enable a lot of additional internal checks, so-called assertions):

       make distclean
       ./configure --with-debug
       make install
       killall -TERM searchd

4. reindex to check if any assertions are triggered (in this case, it's likely that the index is corrupted and causing problems);
5. if the bug does not reproduce with debug versions, revert to non-debug and mention it in your report;
6. if the bug could be easily reproduced with a small (1-100 record) part of your database, please provide a gzipped dump of that part;
7. if the problem is related to `searchd`, include relevant entries from `searchd.log` and `query.log` in your bug report;

8. if the problem is related to `searchd`, try running it in console mode and check if it dies with an assertion:

       ./searchd --console

9. if any program dies with an assertion, provide the assertion message.

## Debugging assertions, crashes and hangups

If any program dies with an assertion, crashes without an assertion or hangs up, you would additionally need to generate a core dump and examine it.

1. enable core dumps. On most Linux systems, this is done using `ulimit`:

       ulimit -c 32768

2. run the program and try to reproduce the bug;
3. if the program crashes (either with or without an assertion), find the core file in current directory (it should typically print out "Segmentation fault (core dumped)" message);

4. if the program hangs, use `kill -SEGV` from another console to force it to exit and dump core:

       kill -SEGV HANGED-PROCESS-ID

5. use `gdb` to examine the core file and obtain a backtrace:

       gdb ./CRASHED-PROGRAM-FILE-NAME CORE-DUMP-FILE-NAME
       (gdb) bt
       (gdb) quit

Note that HANGED-PROCESS-ID, CRASHED-PROGRAM-FILE-NAME and CORE-DUMP-FILE-NAME must all be replaced with specific numbers and file names. For example, hanged searchd debugging session would look like:

    # kill -SEGV 12345
    # ls *core*
    core.12345
    # gdb ./searchd core.12345
    (gdb) bt
    ...
    (gdb) quit

Note that `ulimit` is not server-wide and only affects current shell session. This means that you will not have to restore any server-wide limits - but if you relogin, you will have to set `ulimit` again.

Core dumps should be placed in current working directory (and Sphinx programs do not change it), so this is where you would look for them.

Please do not immediately remove the core file because there could be additional helpful information which could be retrieved from it. You do not need to send me this file (as the debug info there is closely tied to your system) but I might need to ask you a few additional questions about it.

## Chapter 11. `sphinx.conf` options reference

## 11.1. Data source configuration options

### 11.1.1. type

Data source type. Mandatory, no default value. Known types are `mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`, `xmlpipe` and `xmlpipe2`, and `odbc`.

All other per-source options depend on source type selected by this option. Names of the options used for SQL sources (ie. MySQL, PostgreSQL, MS SQL) start with "sql_"; names of the ones used for xmlpipe and xmlpipe2 start with "xmlpipe_". All source types except `xmlpipe` are conditional; they might or might not be supported depending on your build settings, installed client libraries, etc. `mssql` type is currently only available on Windows. `odbc` type is available both on Windows natively and on Linux through UnixODBC library.

#### Example:

    type = mysql

### 11.1.2. sql_host

SQL server host to connect to. Mandatory, no default value. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

In the simplest case when Sphinx resides on the same host with your MySQL or PostgreSQL installation, you would simply specify "localhost". Note that MySQL client library chooses whether to connect over TCP/IP or over UNIX socket based on the host name. Specifically "localhost" will force it to use UNIX socket (this is the default and generally recommended mode) and "127.0.0.1" will force TCP/IP usage. Refer to MySQL manual for more details.

#### Example:

    sql_host = localhost

### 11.1.3. sql_port

SQL server IP port to connect to. Optional, default is 3306 for `mysql` source type and 5432 for `pgsql` type. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Note that it depends on sql_host setting whether this value will actually be used.

#### Example:

    sql_port = 3306

### 11.1.4. sql_user

SQL user to use when connecting to sql_host. Mandatory, no default value. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

#### Example:

    sql_user = test

### 11.1.5. sql_pass

SQL user password to use when connecting to sql_host. Mandatory, no default value. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

#### Example:

    sql_pass = mysecretpassword

### 11.1.6. sql_db

SQL database (in MySQL terms) to use after the connection and perform further queries within. Mandatory, no default value. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

#### Example:

    sql_db = test

### 11.1.7. sql_sock

UNIX socket name to connect to for local SQL servers. Optional, default value is empty (use client library default settings). Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

On Linux, it would typically be `/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock`. On FreeBSD, it would typically be `/tmp/mysql.sock`. Note that it depends on sql_host setting whether this value will actually be used.

#### Example:

    sql_sock = /tmp/mysql.sock

### 11.1.8. mysql_connect_flags

MySQL client connection flags. Optional, default value is 0 (do not set any flags). Applies to `mysql` source type only.

This option must contain an integer value with the sum of the flags. The value will be passed to mysql_real_connect() verbatim. The flags are enumerated in mysql_com.h include file. Flags that are especially interesting in regard to indexing, with their respective values, are as follows:

- CLIENT_COMPRESS = 32; can use compression protocol
- CLIENT_SSL = 2048; switch to SSL after handshake
- CLIENT_SECURE_CONNECTION = 32768; new 4.1 authentication

For instance, you can specify 2080 (2048+32) to use both compression and SSL, or 32768 to use new authentication only. Initially, this option was introduced to be able to use compression when the `indexer` and `mysqld` are on different hosts. Compression on 1 Gbps links is most likely to hurt indexing time though it reduces network traffic, both in theory and in practice. However, enabling compression on 100 Mbps links may improve indexing time significantly (upto 20-30% of the total indexing time improvement was reported). Your mileage may vary.

#### Example:

    mysql_connect_flags = 32 # enable compression

### 11.1.9. mysql_ssl_cert, mysql_ssl_key, mysql_ssl_ca

SSL certificate settings to use for connecting to MySQL server. Optional, default values are empty strings (do not use SSL). Applies to `mysql` source type only.

These directives let you set up secure SSL connection between `indexer` and MySQL. The details on creating the certificates and setting up MySQL server can be found in MySQL documentation.

#### Example:

    mysql_ssl_cert = /etc/ssl/client-cert.pem
    mysql_ssl_key = /etc/ssl/client-key.pem
    mysql_ssl_ca = /etc/ssl/cacert.pem

### 11.1.10. odbc_dsn

ODBC DSN to connect to. Mandatory, no default value. Applies to `odbc` source type only.

ODBC DSN (Data Source Name) specifies the credentials (host, user, password, etc) to use when connecting to ODBC data source. The format depends on specific ODBC driver used.

#### Example:

    odbc_dsn = Driver={Oracle ODBC Driver};Dbq=myDBName;Uid=myUsername;Pwd=myPassword

### 11.1.11. sql_query_pre

Pre-fetch query, or pre-query. Multi-value, optional, default is empty list of queries. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

Multi-value means that you can specify several pre-queries. They are executed before the main fetch query, and they will be exectued exactly in order of appeareance in the configuration file. Pre-query results are ignored.

Pre-queries are useful in a lot of ways. They are used to setup encoding, mark records that are going to be indexed, update internal counters, set various per-connection SQL server options and variables, and so on.

Perhaps the most frequent pre-query usage is to specify the encoding that the server will use for the rows it returnes. It must match the encoding that Sphinx expects (as specified by charset_type and charset_table options). Two MySQL specific examples of setting the encoding are:

    sql_query_pre = SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=cp1251
    sql_query_pre = SET NAMES utf8

Also specific to MySQL sources, it is useful to disable query cache (for indexer connection only) in pre-query, because indexing queries are not going to be re-run frequently anyway, and there's no sense in caching their results. That could be achieved with:

    sql_query_pre = SET SESSION query_cache_type=OFF

#### Example:

    sql_query_pre = SET NAMES utf8
    sql_query_pre = SET SESSION query_cache_type=OFF

### 11.1.12. sql_query

Main document fetch query. Mandatory, no default value. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

There can be only one main query. This is the query which is used to retrieve documents from SQL server. You can specify up to 32 full-text fields (formally, upto SPH_MAX_FIELDS from sphinx.h), and an arbitrary amount of attributes. All of the columns that are neither document ID (the first one) nor attributes will be full-text indexed.

Document ID MUST be the very first field, and it MUST BE UNIQUE UNSIGNED POSITIVE (NON-ZERO, NON-NEGATIVE) INTEGER NUMBER. It can be either 32-bit or 64-bit, depending on how you built Sphinx; by default it builds with 32-bit IDs support but `--enable-id64` option to `configure` allows to build with 64-bit document and word IDs support.

#### Example:

    sql_query = \
    	SELECT id, group_id, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(date_added) AS date_added, \
    		title, content \
    	FROM documents

### 11.1.13. sql_joined_field

Joined/payload field fetch query. Multi-value, optional, default is empty list of queries. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

`sql_joined_field` lets you use two different features: joined fields, and payloads (payload fields). It's syntax is as follows:

    sql_joined_field = FIELD-NAME 'from'  ( 'query' | 'payload-query' \
    	| 'ranged-query' ); QUERY [ ; RANGE-QUERY ]

where

- FIELD-NAME is a joined/payload field name;
- QUERY is an SQL query that must fetch values to index.
- RANGE-QUERY is an optional SQL query that fetches a range of values to index. (Added in version 2.0.1-beta.)

Joined fields let you avoid JOIN and/or GROUP_CONCAT statements in the main document fetch query (sql_query). This can be useful when SQL-side JOIN is slow, or needs to be offloaded on Sphinx side, or simply to emulate MySQL-specific GROUP_CONCAT funcionality in case your database server does not support it.

The query must return exactly 2 columns: document ID, and text to append to a joined field. Document IDs can be duplicate, but they must be in ascending order. All the text rows fetched for a given ID will be concatented together, and the concatenation result will be indexed as the entire contents of a joined field. Rows will be concatenated in the order returned from the query, and separating whitespace will be inserted between them. For instance, if joined field query returns the following rows:

    ( 1, 'red' )
    ( 1, 'right' )
    ( 1, 'hand' )
    ( 2, 'mysql' )
    ( 2, 'sphinx' )

then the indexing results would be equivalent to that of adding a new text field with a value of 'red right hand' to document 1 and 'mysql sphinx' to document 2.

Joined fields are only indexed differently. There are no other differences between joined fields and regular text fields.

Starting with 2.0.1-beta, ranged queries can be used when a single query is not efficient enough or does not work because of the database driver limitations. It works similar to the ranged queries in the main indexing loop, see Section 3.8, “Ranged queries”. The range will be queried for and fetched upfront once, then multiple queries with different `$start` and `$end` substitutions will be run to fetch the actual data.

Payloads let you create a special field in which, instead of keyword positions, so-called user payloads are stored. Payloads are custom integer values attached to every keyword. They can then be used in search time to affect the ranking.

The payload query must return exactly 3 columns: document ID; keyword; and integer payload value. Document IDs can be duplicate, but they must be in ascending order. Payloads must be unsigned integers within 24-bit range, ie. from 0 to 16777215. For reference, payloads are currently internally stored as in-field keyword positions, but that is not guaranteed and might change in the future.

Currently, the only method to account for payloads is to use SPH_RANK_PROXIMITY_BM25 ranker. On indexes with payload fields, it will automatically switch to a variant that matches keywords in those fields, computes a sum of matched payloads multiplied by field wieghts, and adds that sum to the final rank.

#### Example:

    sql_joined_field = \
    	tagstext from query; \
    	SELECT docid, CONCAT('tag',tagid) FROM tags ORDER BY docid ASC

    sql_joined_field = bigint tag from ranged-query; \
    	SELECT id, tag FROM tags WHERE id>=$start AND id<=$end; \
    	SELECT MIN(id), MAX(id) FROM tags

### 11.1.14. sql_query_range

Range query setup. Optional, default is empty. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

Setting this option enables ranged document fetch queries (see Section 3.8, “Ranged queries”). Ranged queries are useful to avoid notorious MyISAM table locks when indexing lots of data. (They also help with other less notorious issues, such as reduced performance caused by big result sets, or additional resources consumed by InnoDB to serialize big read transactions.)

The query specified in this option must fetch min and max document IDs that will be used as range boundaries. It must return exactly two integer fields, min ID first and max ID second; the field names are ignored.

When ranged queries are enabled, sql_query will be required to contain `$start` and `$end` macros (because it obviously would be a mistake to index the whole table many times over). Note that the intervals specified by `$start`..`$end` will not overlap, so you should not remove document IDs that are exactly equal to `$start` or `$end` from your query. The example in Section 3.8, “Ranged queries”) illustrates that; note how it uses greater-or-equal and less-or-equal comparisons.

#### Example:

    sql_query_range = SELECT MIN(id),MAX(id) FROM documents

### 11.1.15. sql_range_step

Range query step. Optional, default is 1024. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

Only used when ranged queries are enabled. The full document IDs interval fetched by sql_query_range will be walked in this big steps. For example, if min and max IDs fetched are 12 and 3456 respectively, and the step is 1000, indexer will call sql_query several times with the following substitutions:

- $start=12, $end=1011
- $start=1012, $end=2011
- $start=2012, $end=3011
- $start=3012, $end=3456

#### Example:

    sql_range_step = 1000

### 11.1.16. sql_query_killlist

Kill-list query. Optional, default is empty (no query). Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This query is expected to return a number of 1-column rows, each containing just the document ID. The returned document IDs are stored within an index. Kill-list for a given index suppresses results from other indexes, depending on index order in the query. The intended use is to help implement deletions and updates on existing indexes without rebuilding (actually even touching them), and especially to fight phantom results problem.

Let us dissect an example. Assume we have two indexes, 'main' and 'delta'. Assume that documents 2, 3, and 5 were deleted since last reindex of 'main', and documents 7 and 11 were updated (ie. their text contents were changed). Assume that a keyword 'test' occurred in all these mentioned documents when we were indexing 'main'; still occurs in document 7 as we index 'delta'; but does not occur in document 11 any more. We now reindex delta and then search through both these indexes in proper (least to most recent) order:

    $res = $cl->Query ( "test", "main delta" );

First, we need to properly handle deletions. The result set should not contain documents 2, 3, or 5. Second, we also need to avoid phantom results. Unless we do something about it, document 11 will appear in search results! It will be found in 'main' (but not 'delta'). And it will make it to the final result set unless something stops it.

Kill-list, or K-list for short, is that something. Kill-list attached to 'delta' will suppress the specified rows from all the preceding indexes, in this case just 'main'. So to get the expected results, we should put all the updated and deleted document IDs into it.

#### Example:

    sql_query_killlist = \
    	SELECT id FROM documents WHERE updated_ts>=@last_reindex UNION \
    	SELECT id FROM documents_deleted WHERE deleted_ts>=@last_reindex

### 11.1.17. sql_attr_uint

Unsigned integer attribute declaration. Multi-value (there might be multiple attributes declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

The column value should fit into 32-bit unsigned integer range. Values outside this range will be accepted but wrapped around. For instance, -1 will be wrapped around to 2^32-1 or 4,294,967,295.

You can specify bit count for integer attributes by appending ':BITCOUNT' to attribute name (see example below). Attributes with less than default 32-bit size, or bitfields, perform slower. But they require less RAM when using extern storage: such bitfields are packed together in 32-bit chunks in `.spa` attribute data file. Bit size settings are ignored if using inline storage.

#### Example:

    sql_attr_uint = group_id
    sql_attr_uint = forum_id:9 # 9 bits for forum_id

### 11.1.18. sql_attr_bool

Boolean attribute declaration. Multi-value (there might be multiple attributes declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Equivalent to sql_attr_uint declaration with a bit count of 1.

#### Example:

    sql_attr_bool = is_deleted # will be packed to 1 bit

### 11.1.19. sql_attr_bigint

64-bit signed integer attribute declaration. Multi-value (there might be multiple attributes declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Note that unlike sql_attr_uint, these values are signed. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

#### Example:

    sql_attr_bigint = my_bigint_id

### 11.1.20. sql_attr_timestamp

UNIX timestamp attribute declaration. Multi-value (there might be multiple attributes declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

Timestamps can store date and time in the range of Jan 01, 1970 to Jan 19, 2038 with a precision of one second. The expected column value should be a timestamp in UNIX format, ie. 32-bit unsigned integer number of seconds elapsed since midnight, January 01, 1970, GMT. Timestamps are internally stored and handled as integers everywhere. But in addition to working with timestamps as integers, it's also legal to use them along with different date-based functions, such as time segments sorting mode, or day/week/month/year extraction for GROUP BY.

Note that DATE or DATETIME column types in MySQL can not be directly used as timestamp attributes in Sphinx; you need to explicitly convert such columns using UNIX_TIMESTAMP function (if data is in range).

Note timestamps can not represent dates before January 01, 1970, and UNIX_TIMESTAMP() in MySQL will not return anything expected. If you only needs to work with dates, not times, consider TO_DAYS() function in MySQL instead.

#### Example:

    # sql_query = ... UNIX_TIMESTAMP(added_datetime) AS added_ts ...
    sql_attr_timestamp = added_ts

### 11.1.21. sql_attr_str2ordinal

Ordinal string number attribute declaration. Multi-value (there might be multiple attributes declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

This attribute type (so-called ordinal, for brevity) is intended to allow sorting by string values, but without storing the strings themselves. When indexing ordinals, string values are fetched from database, temporarily stored, sorted, and then replaced by their respective ordinal numbers in the array of sorted strings. So, the ordinal number is an integer such that sorting by it produces the same result as if lexicographically sorting by original strings. by string values lexicographically.

Earlier versions could consume a lot of RAM for indexing ordinals. Starting with revision r1112, ordinals accumulation and sorting also runs in fixed memory (at the cost of using additional temporary disk space), and honors mem_limit settings.

Ideally the strings should be sorted differently, depending on the encoding and locale. For instance, if the strings are known to be Russian text in KOI8R encoding, sorting the bytes 0xE0, 0xE1, and 0xE2 should produce 0xE1, 0xE2 and 0xE0, because in KOI8R value 0xE0 encodes a character that is (noticeably) after characters encoded by 0xE1 and 0xE2. Unfortunately, Sphinx does not support that at the moment and will simply sort the strings bytewise.

Note that the ordinals are by construction local to each index, and it's therefore impossible to merge ordinals while retaining the proper order. The processed strings are replaced by their sequential number in the index they occurred in, but different indexes have different sets of strings. For instance, if 'main' index contains strings "aaa", "bbb", "ccc", and so on up to "zzz", they'll be assigned numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on up to 26, respectively. But then if 'delta' only contains "zzz" the assigned number will be 1. And after the merge, the order will be broken. Unfortunately, this is impossible to workaround without storing the original strings (and once Sphinx supports storing the original strings, ordinals will not be necessary any more).

#### Example:

    sql_attr_str2ordinal = author_name

### 11.1.22. sql_attr_float

Floating point attribute declaration. Multi-value (there might be multiple attributes declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

The values will be stored in single precision, 32-bit IEEE 754 format. Represented range is approximately from 1e-38 to 1e+38. The amount of decimal digits that can be stored precisely is approximately 7. One important usage of the float attributes is storing latitude and longitude values (in radians), for further usage in query-time geosphere distance calculations.

#### Example:

    sql_attr_float = lat_radians
    sql_attr_float = long_radians

### 11.1.23. sql_attr_multi

Multi-valued attribute (MVA) declaration. Multi-value (ie. there may be more than one such attribute declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

Plain attributes only allow to attach 1 value per each document. However, there are cases (such as tags or categories) when it is desired to attach multiple values of the same attribute and be able to apply filtering or grouping to value lists.

The declaration format is as follows (backslashes are for clarity only; everything can be declared in a single line as well):

    sql_attr_multi = ATTR-TYPE ATTR-NAME 'from' SOURCE-TYPE \
    	[;QUERY] \
    	[;RANGE-QUERY]

where

- ATTR-TYPE is 'uint', 'bigint' or 'timestamp'
- SOURCE-TYPE is 'field', 'query', or 'ranged-query'
- QUERY is SQL query used to fetch all ( docid, attrvalue ) pairs
- RANGE-QUERY is SQL query used to fetch min and max ID values, similar to 'sql_query_range'

#### Example:

    sql_attr_multi = uint tag from query; SELECT id, tag FROM tags
    sql_attr_multi = bigint tag from ranged-query; \
    	SELECT id, tag FROM tags WHERE id>=$start AND id<=$end; \
    	SELECT MIN(id), MAX(id) FROM tags

### 11.1.24. sql_attr_string

String attribute declaration. Multi-value (ie. there may be more than one such attribute declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

String attributes can store arbitrary strings attached to every document. There's a fixed size limit of 4 MB per value. Also, `searchd` will currently cache all the values in RAM, which is an additional implicit limit.

Starting from 2.0.1-beta string attributes can be used for sorting and grouping(ORDER BY, GROUP BY, WITHING GROUP ORDER BY). Note that attributes declared using `sql_attr_string` will not be full-text indexed; you can use sql_field_string directive for that.

#### Example:

    sql_attr_string = title # will be stored but will not be indexed

### 11.1.25. sql_attr_str2wordcount

Word-count attribute declaration. Multi-value (ie. there may be more than one such attribute declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Word-count attribute takes a string column, tokenizes it according to index settings, and stores the resulting number of tokens in an attribute. This number of tokens ("word count") is a normal integer that can be later used, for instance, in custom ranking expressions (boost shorter titles, help identify exact field matches, etc).

#### Example:

    sql_attr_str2wordcount = title_wc

### 11.1.26. sql_column_buffers

Per-column buffer sizes. Optional, default is empty (deduce the sizes automatically). Applies to `odbc`, `mssql` source types only. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

ODBC and MS SQL drivers sometimes can not return the maximum actual column size to be expected. For instance, NVARCHAR(MAX) columns always report their length as 2147483647 bytes to `indexer` even though the actually used length is likely considerably less. However, the receiving buffers still need to be allocated upfront, and their sizes have to be determined. When the driver does not report the column length at all, Sphinx allocates default 1 KB buffers for each non-char column, and 1 MB buffers for each char column. Driver-reported column length also gets clamped by an upper limie of 8 MB, so in case the driver reports (almost) a 2 GB column length, it will be clamped and a 8 MB buffer will be allocated instead for that column. These hard-coded limits can be overridden using the `sql_column_buffers` directive, either in order to save memory on actually shorter columns, or overcome the 8 MB limit on actually longer columns. The directive values must be a comma-separated lists of selected column names and sizes:

    sql_column_buffers = <colname>=<size>[K|M] [, ...]

#### Example:

    sql_query = SELECT id, mytitle, mycontent FROM documents
    sql_column_buffers = mytitle=64K, mycontent=10M

### 11.1.27. sql_field_string

Combined string attribute and full-text field declaration. Multi-value (ie. there may be more than one such attribute declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

sql_attr_string only stores the column value but does not full-text index it. In some cases it might be desired to both full-text index the column and store it as attribute. `sql_field_string` lets you do exactly that. Both the field and the attribute will be named the same.

#### Example:

    sql_field_string = title # will be both indexed and stored

### 11.1.28. sql_field_str2wordcount

Combined word-count attribute and full-text field declaration. Multi-value (ie. there may be more than one such attribute declared), optional. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

sql_attr_str2wordcount only stores the column word count but does not full-text index it. In some cases it might be desired to both full-text index the column and also have the count. `sql_field_str2wordcount` lets you do exactly that. Both the field and the attribute will be named the same.

#### Example:

    sql_field_str2wordcount = title # will be indexed, and counted/stored

### 11.1.29. sql_file_field

File based field declaration. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

This directive makes `indexer` interpret field contents as a file name, and load and index the referred file. Files larger than max_file_field_buffer in size are skipped. Any errors during the file loading (IO errors, missed limits, etc) will be reported as indexing warnings and will not early terminate the indexing. No content will be indexed for such files.

#### Example:

    sql_file_field = my_file_path # load and index files referred to by my_file_path

### 11.1.30. sql_query_post

Post-fetch query. Optional, default value is empty. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

This query is executed immediately after sql_query completes successfully. When post-fetch query produces errors, they are reported as warnings, but indexing is not terminated. It's result set is ignored. Note that indexing is not yet completed at the point when this query gets executed, and further indexing still may fail. Therefore, any permanent updates should not be done from here. For instance, updates on helper table that permanently change the last successfully indexed ID should not be run from post-fetch query; they should be run from post-index query instead.

#### Example:

    sql_query_post = DROP TABLE my_tmp_table

### 11.1.31. sql_query_post_index

Post-index query. Optional, default value is empty. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

This query is executed when indexing is fully and succesfully completed. If this query produces errors, they are reported as warnings, but indexing is not terminated. It's result set is ignored. `$maxid` macro can be used in its text; it will be expanded to maximum document ID which was actually fetched from the database during indexing. If no documents were indexed, $maxid will be expanded to 0.

#### Example:

    sql_query_post_index = REPLACE INTO counters ( id, val ) \
        VALUES ( 'max_indexed_id', $maxid )

### 11.1.32. sql_ranged_throttle

Ranged query throttling period, in milliseconds. Optional, default is 0 (no throttling). Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only.

Throttling can be useful when indexer imposes too much load on the database server. It causes the indexer to sleep for given amount of milliseconds once per each ranged query step. This sleep is unconditional, and is performed before the fetch query.

#### Example:

    sql_ranged_throttle = 1000 # sleep for 1 sec before each query step

### 11.1.33. sql_query_info

Document info query. Optional, default is empty. Applies to `mysql` source type only.

Only used by CLI search to fetch and display document information, only works with MySQL at the moment, and only intended for debugging purposes. This query fetches the row that will be displayed by CLI search utility for each document ID. It is required to contain `$id` macro that expands to the queried document ID.

#### Example:

    sql_query_info = SELECT * FROM documents WHERE id=$id

### 11.1.34. xmlpipe_command

Shell command that invokes xmlpipe stream producer. Mandatory. Applies to `xmlpipe` and `xmlpipe2` source types only.

Specifies a command that will be executed and which output will be parsed for documents. Refer to Section 3.9, “xmlpipe data source” or Section 3.10, “xmlpipe2 data source” for specific format description.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_command = cat /home/sphinx/test.xml

### 11.1.35. xmlpipe_field

xmlpipe field declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Refer to Section 3.10, “xmlpipe2 data source”.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_field = subject
    xmlpipe_field = content

### 11.1.36. xmlpipe_field_string

xmlpipe field and string attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Refer to Section 3.10, “xmlpipe2 data source”. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Makes the specified XML element indexed as both a full-text field and a string attribute. Equivalent to <sphinx:field name="field" attr="string"/> declaration within the XML file.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_field_string = subject

### 11.1.37. xmlpipe_field_wordcount

xmlpipe field and word count attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Refer to Section 3.10, “xmlpipe2 data source”. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Makes the specified XML element indexed as both a full-text field and a word count attribute. Equivalent to <sphinx:field name="field" attr="wordcount"/> declaration within the XML file.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_field_wordcount = subject

### 11.1.38. xmlpipe_attr_uint

xmlpipe integer attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Syntax fully matches that of sql_attr_uint.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_uint = author_id

### 11.1.39. xmlpipe_attr_bigint

xmlpipe signed 64-bit integer attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Syntax fully matches that of sql_attr_bigint.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_bigint = my_bigint_id

### 11.1.40. xmlpipe_attr_bool

xmlpipe boolean attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Syntax fully matches that of sql_attr_bool.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_bool = is_deleted # will be packed to 1 bit

### 11.1.41. xmlpipe_attr_timestamp

xmlpipe UNIX timestamp attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Syntax fully matches that of sql_attr_timestamp.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_timestamp = published

### 11.1.42. xmlpipe_attr_str2ordinal

xmlpipe string ordinal attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Syntax fully matches that of sql_attr_str2ordinal.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_str2ordinal = author_sort

### 11.1.43. xmlpipe_attr_float

xmlpipe floating point attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Syntax fully matches that of sql_attr_float.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_float = lat_radians
    xmlpipe_attr_float = long_radians

### 11.1.44. xmlpipe_attr_multi

xmlpipe MVA attribute declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only.

This setting declares an MVA attribute tag in xmlpipe2 stream. The contents of the specified tag will be parsed and a list of integers that will constitute the MVA will be extracted, similar to how sql_attr_multi parses SQL column contents when 'field' MVA source type is specified.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_multi = taglist

### 11.1.45. xmlpipe_attr_multi_64

xmlpipe MVA attribute declaration. Declares the BIGINT (signed 64-bit integer) MVA attribute. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only.

This setting declares an MVA attribute tag in xmlpipe2 stream. The contents of the specified tag will be parsed and a list of integers that will constitute the MVA will be extracted, similar to how sql_attr_multi parses SQL column contents when 'field' MVA source type is specified.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_multi_64 = taglist

### 11.1.46. xmlpipe_attr_string

xmlpipe string declaration. Multi-value, optional. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

This setting declares a string attribute tag in xmlpipe2 stream. The contents of the specified tag will be parsed and stored as a string value.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_attr_string = subject

### 11.1.47. xmlpipe_fixup_utf8

Perform Sphinx-side UTF-8 validation and filtering to prevent XML parser from choking on non-UTF-8 documents. Optional, default is 0. Applies to `xmlpipe2` source type only.

Under certain occasions it might be hard or even impossible to guarantee that the incoming XMLpipe2 document bodies are in perfectly valid and conforming UTF-8 encoding. For instance, documents with national single-byte encodings could sneak into the stream. libexpat XML parser is fragile, meaning that it will stop processing in such cases. UTF8 fixup feature lets you avoid that. When fixup is enabled, Sphinx will preprocess the incoming stream before passing it to the XML parser and replace invalid UTF-8 sequences with spaces.

#### Example:

    xmlpipe_fixup_utf8 = 1

### 11.1.48. mssql_winauth

MS SQL Windows authentication flag. Boolean, optional, default value is 0 (false). Applies to `mssql` source type only. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

Whether to use currently logged in Windows account credentials for authentication when connecting to MS SQL Server. Note that when running `searchd` as a service, account user can differ from the account you used to install the service.

#### Example:

    mssql_winauth = 1

### 11.1.49. mssql_unicode

MS SQL encoding type flag. Boolean, optional, default value is 0 (false). Applies to `mssql` source type only. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

Whether to ask for Unicode or single-byte data when querying MS SQL Server. This flag must be in sync with charset_type directive; that is, to index Unicode data, you must set both `charset_type` in the index (to 'utf-8') and `mssql_unicode` in the source (to 1). For reference, MS SQL will actually return data in UCS-2 encoding instead of UTF-8, but Sphinx will automatically handle that.

#### Example:

    mssql_unicode = 1

### 11.1.50. unpack_zlib

Columns to unpack using zlib (aka deflate, aka gunzip). Multi-value, optional, default value is empty list of columns. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

Columns specified using this directive will be unpacked by `indexer` using standard zlib algorithm (called deflate and also implemented by `gunzip`). When indexing on a different box than the database, this lets you offload the database, and save on network traffic. The feature is only available if zlib and zlib-devel were both available during build time.

#### Example:

    unpack_zlib = col1
    unpack_zlib = col2

### 11.1.51. unpack_mysqlcompress

Columns to unpack using MySQL UNCOMPRESS() algorithm. Multi-value, optional, default value is empty list of columns. Applies to SQL source types (`mysql`, `pgsql`, `mssql`) only. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

Columns specified using this directive will be unpacked by `indexer` using modified zlib algorithm used by MySQL COMPRESS() and UNCOMPRESS() functions. When indexing on a different box than the database, this lets you offload the database, and save on network traffic. The feature is only available if zlib and zlib-devel were both available during build time.

#### Example:

    unpack_mysqlcompress = body_compressed
    unpack_mysqlcompress = description_compressed

### 11.1.52. unpack_mysqlcompress_maxsize

Buffer size for UNCOMPRESS()ed data. Optional, default value is 16M. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

When using unpack_mysqlcompress, due to implementation intrincacies it is not possible to deduce the required buffer size from the compressed data. So the buffer must be preallocated in advance, and unpacked data can not go over the buffer size. This option lets you control the buffer size, both to limit `indexer` memory use, and to enable unpacking of really long data fields if necessary.

#### Example:

    unpack_mysqlcompress_maxsize = 1M

## 11.2. Index configuration options

### 11.2.1. type

Index type. Known values are 'plain', 'distributed', and 'rt'. Optional, default is 'plain' (plain local index).

Sphinx supports several different types of indexes. Versions 0.9.x supported two index types: plain local indexes that are stored and processed on the local machine; and distributed indexes, that involve not only local searching but querying remote `searchd` instances over the network as well (see Section 5.8, “Distributed searching”). Version 1.10-beta also adds support for so-called real-time indexes (or RT indexes for short) that are also stored and processed locally, but additionally allow for on-the-fly updates of the full-text index (see Chapter 4, Real-time indexes). Note that attributes can be updated on-the-fly using either plain local indexes or RT ones.

Index type setting lets you choose the needed type. By default, plain local index type will be assumed.

#### Example:

    type = distributed

### 11.2.2. source

Adds document source to local index. Multi-value, mandatory.

Specifies document source to get documents from when the current index is indexed. There must be at least one source. There may be multiple sources, without any restrictions on the source types: ie. you can pull part of the data from MySQL server, part from PostgreSQL, part from the filesystem using xmlpipe2 wrapper.

However, there are some restrictions on the source data. First, document IDs must be globally unique across all sources. If that condition is not met, you might get unexpected search results. Second, source schemas must be the same in order to be stored within the same index.

No source ID is stored automatically. Therefore, in order to be able to tell what source the matched document came from, you will need to store some additional information yourself. Two typical approaches include:

1. mangling document ID and encoding source ID in it:

       source src1
       {
       	sql_query = SELECT id*10+1, ... FROM table1
       	...
       }

       source src2
       {
       	sql_query = SELECT id*10+2, ... FROM table2
       	...
       }

2. storing source ID simply as an attribute:

       source src1
       {
       	sql_query = SELECT id, 1 AS source_id FROM table1
       	sql_attr_uint = source_id
       	...
       }

       source src2
       {
       	sql_query = SELECT id, 2 AS source_id FROM table2
       	sql_attr_uint = source_id
       	...
       }

#### Example:

    source = srcpart1
    source = srcpart2
    source = srcpart3

### 11.2.3. path

Index files path and file name (without extension). Mandatory.

Path specifies both directory and file name, but without extension. `indexer` will append different extensions to this path when generating final names for both permanent and temporary index files. Permanent data files have several different extensions starting with '.sp'; temporary files' extensions start with '.tmp'. It's safe to remove `.tmp*` files is if indexer fails to remove them automatically.

For reference, different index files store the following data:

- `.spa` stores document attributes (used in extern docinfo storage mode only);
- `.spd` stores matching document ID lists for each word ID;
- `.sph` stores index header information;
- `.spi` stores word lists (word IDs and pointers to `.spd` file);
- `.spk` stores kill-lists;
- `.spm` stores MVA data;
- `.spp` stores hit (aka posting, aka word occurence) lists for each word ID;
- `.sps` stores string attribute data.

#### Example:

    path = /var/data/test1

### 11.2.4. docinfo

Document attribute values (docinfo) storage mode. Optional, default is 'extern'. Known values are 'none', 'extern' and 'inline'.

Docinfo storage mode defines how exactly docinfo will be physically stored on disk and RAM. "none" means that there will be no docinfo at all (ie. no attributes). Normally you need not to set "none" explicitly because Sphinx will automatically select "none" when there are no attributes configured. "inline" means that the docinfo will be stored in the `.spd` file, along with the document ID lists. "extern" means that the docinfo will be stored separately (externally) from document ID lists, in a special `.spa` file.

Basically, externally stored docinfo must be kept in RAM when querying. for performance reasons. So in some cases "inline" might be the only option. However, such cases are infrequent, and docinfo defaults to "extern". Refer to Section 3.3, “Attributes” for in-depth discussion and RAM usage estimates.

#### Example:

    docinfo = inline

### 11.2.5. mlock

Memory locking for cached data. Optional, default is 0 (do not call mlock()).

For search performance, `searchd` preloads a copy of `.spa` and `.spi` files in RAM, and keeps that copy in RAM at all times. But if there are no searches on the index for some time, there are no accesses to that cached copy, and OS might decide to swap it out to disk. First queries to such "cooled down" index will cause swap-in and their latency will suffer.

Setting mlock option to 1 makes Sphinx lock physical RAM used for that cached data using mlock(2) system call, and that prevents swapping (see man 2 mlock for details). mlock(2) is a privileged call, so it will require `searchd` to be either run from root account, or be granted enough privileges otherwise. If mlock() fails, a warning is emitted, but index continues working.

#### Example:

    mlock = 1

### 11.2.6. morphology

A list of morphology preprocessors to apply. Optional, default is empty (do not apply any preprocessor).

Morphology preprocessors can be applied to the words being indexed to replace different forms of the same word with the base, normalized form. For instance, English stemmer will normalize both "dogs" and "dog" to "dog", making search results for both searches the same.

Built-in preprocessors include English stemmer, Russian stemmer (that supports UTF-8 and Windows-1251 encodings), Soundex, and Metaphone. The latter two replace the words with special phonetic codes that are equal is words are phonetically close. Additional stemmers provided by Snowball project libstemmer library can be enabled at compile time using `--with-libstemmer` `configure` option. Built-in English and Russian stemmers should be faster than their libstemmer counterparts, but can produce slightly different results, because they are based on an older version. Metaphone implementation is based on Double Metaphone algorithm and indexes the primary code.

Built-in values that are available for use in `morphology` option are as follows:

- none - do not perform any morphology processing;
- stem_en - apply Porter's English stemmer;
- stem_ru - apply Porter's Russian stemmer;
- stem_enru - apply Porter's English and Russian stemmers;
- stem_cz - apply Czech stemmer;
- soundex - replace keywords with their SOUNDEX code;
- metaphone - replace keywords with their METAPHONE code.

Additional values provided by libstemmer are in 'libstemmer_XXX' format, where XXX is libstemmer algorithm codename (refer to `libstemmer_c/libstemmer/modules.txt` for a complete list).

Several stemmers can be specified (comma-separated). They will be applied to incoming words in the order they are listed, and the processing will stop once one of the stemmers actually modifies the word. Also when wordforms feature is enabled the word will be looked up in word forms dictionary first, and if there is a matching entry in the dictionary, stemmers will not be applied at all. Or in other words, wordforms can be used to implement stemming exceptions.

#### Example:

    morphology = stem_en, libstemmer_sv

### 11.2.7. dict

The keywords dictionary type. Known values are 'crc' and 'keywords'. Optional, default is 'crc'. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

CRC dictionary mode (dict=crc) is the default dictionary type in Sphinx, and the only one available until version 2.0.1-beta. Keywords dictionary mode (dict=keywords) was added in 2.0.1-beta, primarly to (greatly) reduce indexing impact and enable substring searches on huge collections. They also eliminate the chance of CRC32 collisions. In 2.0.1-beta, that mode was only supported for disk indexes. Starting with 2.0.2-beta, RT indexes are also supported.

CRC dictionaries never store the original keyword text in the index. Instead, keywords are replaced with their control sum value (either CRC32 or FNV64, depending whether Sphinx was built with `--enable-id64`) both when searching and indexing, and that value is used internally in the index.

That approach has two drawbacks. First, in CRC32 case there is a chance of control sum collision between several pairs of different keywords, growing quadratically with the number of unique keywords in the index. (FNV64 case is unaffected in practice, as a chance of a single FNV64 collision in a dictionary of 1 billion entries is approximately 1:16, or 6.25 percent. And most dictionaries will be much more compact that a billion keywords, as a typical spoken human language has in the region of 1 to 10 million word forms.) Second, and more importantly, substring searches are not directly possible with control sums. Sphinx alleviated that by pre-indexing all the possible substrings as separate keywords (see Section 11.2.18, “min_prefix_len”, Section 11.2.19, “min_infix_len” directives). That actually has an added benefit of matching substrings in the quickest way possible. But at the same time pre-indexing all substrings grows the index size a lot (factors of 3-10x and even more would not be unusual) and impacts the indexing time respectively, rendering substring searches on big indexes rather impractical.

Keywords dictionary, introduced in 2.0.1-beta, fixes both these drawbacks. It stores the keywords in the index and performs search-time wildcard expansion. For example, a search for a 'test*' prefix could internally expand to 'test|tests|testing' query based on the dictionary contents. That expansion is fully transparent to the application, except that the separate per-keyword statistics for all the actually matched keywords would now also be reported.

Indexing with keywords dictionary should be 1.1x to 1.3x slower compared to regular, non-substring indexing - but times faster compared to substring indexing (either prefix or infix). Index size should only be slightly bigger that than of the regular non-substring index, with a 1..10% percent total difference Regular keyword searching time must be very close or identical across all three discussed index kinds (CRC non-substring, CRC substring, keywords). Substring searching time can vary greatly depending on how many actual keywords match the given substring (in other words, into how many keywords does the search term expand). The maximum number of keywords matched is restricted by the expansion_limit directive.

Essentially, keywords and CRC dictionaries represent the two different trade-off substring searching decisions. You can choose to either sacrifice indexing time and index size in favor of top-speed worst-case searches (CRC dictionary), or only slightly impact indexing time but sacrifice worst-case searching time when the prefix expands into very many keywords (keywords dictionary).

#### Example:

    dict = keywords

### 11.2.8. index_sp

Whether to detect and index sentence and paragraph boundaries. Optional, default is 0 (do not detect and index). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

This directive enables sentence and paragraph boundary indexing. It's required for the SENTENCE and PARAGRAPH operators to work. Sentence boundary detection is based on plain text analysis, so you only need to set `index_sp = 1` to enable it. Paragraph detection is however based on HTML markup, and happens in the HTML stripper. So to index paragraph locations you also need to enable the stripper by specifying `html_strip = 1`. Both types of boundaries are detected based on a few built-in rules enumerated just below.

Sentence boundary detection rules are as follows.

- Question and excalamation signs (? and !) are always a sentence boundary.

- Trailing dot (.) is a sentence boundary, except:

  - When followed by a letter. That's considered a part of an abbreviation (as in "S.T.A.L.K.E.R" or "Goldman Sachs S.p.A.").
  - When followed by a comma. That's considered an abbreviation followed by a comma (as in "Telecom Italia S.p.A., founded in 1994").
  - When followed by a space and a small letter. That's considered an abbreviation within a sentence (as in "News Corp. announced in Februrary").
  - When preceded by a space and a capital letter, and followed by a space. That's considered a middle initial (as in "John D. Doe").

Paragraph boundaries are inserted at every block-level HTML tag. Namely, those are (as taken from HTML 4 standard) ADDRESS, BLOCKQUOTE, CAPTION, CENTER, DD, DIV, DL, DT, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, LI, MENU, OL, P, PRE, TABLE, TBODY, TD, TFOOT, TH, THEAD, TR, and UL.

Both sentences and paragraphs increment the keyword position counter by 1.

#### Example:

    index_sp = 1

### 11.2.9. index_zones

A list of in-field HTML/XML zones to index. Optional, default is empty (do not index zones). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Zones can be formally defined as follows. Everything between an opening and a matching closing tag is called a span, and the aggregate of all spans corresponding sharing the same tag name is called a zone. For instance, everything between the occurrences of <H1> and </H1> in the document field belongs to H1 zone.

Zone indexing, enabled by `index_zones` directive, is an optional extension of the HTML stripper. So it will also require that the stripper is enabled (with `html_strip = 1`). The value of the `index_zones` should be a comma-separated list of those tag names and wildcards (ending with a star) that should be indexed as zones.

Zones can nest and overlap arbitrarily. The only requirement is that every opening tag has a matching tag. You can also have an arbitrary number of both zones (as in unique zone names, such as H1) and spans (all the occurrences of those H1 tags) in a document. Once indexed, zones can then be used for matching with the ZONE operator, see Section 5.3, “Extended query syntax”.

#### Example:

    index_zones = h*, th, title

### 11.2.10. min_stemming_len

Minimum word length at which to enable stemming. Optional, default is 1 (stem everything). Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

Stemmers are not perfect, and might sometimes produce undesired results. For instance, running "gps" keyword through Porter stemmer for English results in "gp", which is not really the intent. `min_stemming_len` feature lets you suppress stemming based on the source word length, ie. to avoid stemming too short words. Keywords that are shorter than the given threshold will not be stemmed. Note that keywords that are exactly as long as specified will be stemmed. So in order to avoid stemming 3-character keywords, you should specify 4 for the value. For more finely grained control, refer to wordforms feature.

#### Example:

    min_stemming_len = 4

### 11.2.11. stopwords

Stopword files list (space separated). Optional, default is empty.

Stopwords are the words that will not be indexed. Typically you'd put most frequent words in the stopwords list because they do not add much value to search results but consume a lot of resources to process.

You can specify several file names, separated by spaces. All the files will be loaded. Stopwords file format is simple plain text. The encoding must match index encoding specified in charset_type. File data will be tokenized with respect to charset_table settings, so you can use the same separators as in the indexed data. The stemmers will also be applied when parsing stopwords file.

While stopwords are not indexed, they still do affect the keyword positions. For instance, assume that "the" is a stopword, that document 1 contains the line "in office", and that document 2 contains "in the office". Searching for "in office" as for exact phrase will only return the first document, as expected, even though "the" in the second one is stopped.

Stopwords files can either be created manually, or semi-automatically. `indexer` provides a mode that creates a frequency dictionary of the index, sorted by the keyword frequency, see `--buildstops` and `--buildfreqs` switch in Section 6.1, “`indexer` command reference”. Top keywords from that dictionary can usually be used as stopwords.

#### Example:

    stopwords = /usr/local/sphinx/data/stopwords.txt
    stopwords = stopwords-ru.txt stopwords-en.txt

### 11.2.12. wordforms

Word forms dictionary. Optional, default is empty.

Word forms are applied after tokenizing the incoming text by charset_table rules. They essentialy let you replace one word with another. Normally, that would be used to bring different word forms to a single normal form (eg. to normalize all the variants such as "walks", "walked", "walking" to the normal form "walk"). It can also be used to implement stemming exceptions, because stemming is not applied to words found in the forms list.

Dictionaries are used to normalize incoming words both during indexing and searching. Therefore, to pick up changes in wordforms file it's required to reindex and restart `searchd`.

Word forms support in Sphinx is designed to support big dictionaries well. They moderately affect indexing speed: for instance, a dictionary with 1 million entries slows down indexing about 1.5 times. Searching speed is not affected at all. Additional RAM impact is roughly equal to the dictionary file size, and dictionaries are shared across indexes: ie. if the very same 50 MB wordforms file is specified for 10 different indexes, additional `searchd` RAM usage will be about 50 MB.

Dictionary file should be in a simple plain text format. Each line should contain source and destination word forms, in exactly the same encoding as specified in charset_type, separated by "greater" sign. Rules from the charset_table will be applied when the file is loaded. So basically it's as case sensitive as your other full-text indexed data, ie. typically case insensitive. Here's the file contents sample:

    walks > walk
    walked > walk
    walking > walk

There is a bundled `spelldump` utility that helps you create a dictionary file in the format Sphinx can read from source `.dict` and `.aff` dictionary files in `ispell` or `MySpell` format (as bundled with OpenOffice).

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc1, you can map several source words to a single destination word. Because the work happens on tokens, not the source text, differences in whitespace and markup are ignored.

    core 2 duo > c2d
    e6600 > c2d
    core 2duo > c2d

Notice however that the destination wordforms are still always interpreted as a single keyword! Having a mapping like "St John > Saint John" will result in not matching "St John" when searching for "Saint" or "John", because the destination keyword will be "Saint John" with a space character in it (and it's barely possible to input a destination keyword with a space).

#### Example:

    wordforms = /usr/local/sphinx/data/wordforms.txt

### 11.2.13. exceptions

Tokenizing exceptions file. Optional, default is empty.

Exceptions allow to map one or more tokens (including tokens with characters that would normally be excluded) to a single keyword. They are similar to wordforms in that they also perform mapping, but have a number of important differences.

Short summary of the differences is as follows:

- exceptions are case sensitive, wordforms are not;
- exceptions can use special characters that are not in charset_table, wordforms fully obey charset_table;
- exceptions can underperform on huge dictionaries, wordforms handle millions of entries well.

The expected file format is also plain text, with one line per exception, and the line format is as follows:

    map-from-tokens => map-to-token

Example file:

    AT & T => AT&T
    AT&T => AT&T
    Standarten   Fuehrer => standartenfuhrer
    Standarten Fuhrer => standartenfuhrer
    MS Windows => ms windows
    Microsoft Windows => ms windows
    C++ => cplusplus
    c++ => cplusplus
    C plus plus => cplusplus

All tokens here are case sensitive: they will not be processed by charset_table rules. Thus, with the example exceptions file above, "At&t" text will be tokenized as two keywords "at" and "t", because of lowercase letters. On the other hand, "AT&T" will match exactly and produce single "AT&T" keyword.

Note that this map-to keyword is a) always interpereted as a single word, and b) is both case and space sensitive! In our sample, "ms windows" query will not match the document with "MS Windows" text. The query will be interpreted as a query for two keywords, "ms" and "windows". And what "MS Windows" gets mapped to is a single keyword "ms windows", with a space in the middle. On the other hand, "standartenfuhrer" will retrieve documents with "Standarten Fuhrer" or "Standarten Fuehrer" contents (capitalized exactly like this), or any capitalization variant of the keyword itself, eg. "staNdarTenfUhreR". (It won't catch "standarten fuhrer", however: this text does not match any of the listed exceptions because of case sensitivity, and gets indexed as two separate keywords.)

Whitespace in the map-from tokens list matters, but its amount does not. Any amount of the whitespace in the map-form list will match any other amount of whitespace in the indexed document or query. For instance, "AT & T" map-from token will match "AT & T" text, whatever the amount of space in both map-from part and the indexed text. Such text will therefore be indexed as a special "AT&T" keyword, thanks to the very first entry from the sample.

Exceptions also allow to capture special characters (that are exceptions from general charset_table rules; hence the name). Assume that you generally do not want to treat '+' as a valid character, but still want to be able search for some exceptions from this rule such as 'C++'. The sample above will do just that, totally independent of what characters are in the table and what are not.

Exceptions are applied to raw incoming document and query data during indexing and searching respectively. Therefore, to pick up changes in the file it's required to reindex and restart `searchd`.

#### Example:

    exceptions = /usr/local/sphinx/data/exceptions.txt

### 11.2.14. min_word_len

Minimum indexed word length. Optional, default is 1 (index everything).

Only those words that are not shorter than this minimum will be indexed. For instance, if min_word_len is 4, then 'the' won't be indexed, but 'they' will be.

#### Example:

    min_word_len = 4

### 11.2.15. charset_type

Character set encoding type. Optional, default is 'sbcs'. Known values are 'sbcs' and 'utf-8'.

Different encodings have different methods for mapping their internal characters codes into specific byte sequences. Two most common methods in use today are single-byte encoding and UTF-8. Their corresponding charset_type values are 'sbcs' (stands for Single Byte Character Set) and 'utf-8'. The selected encoding type will be used everywhere where the index is used: when indexing the data, when parsing the query against this index, when generating snippets, etc.

Note that while 'utf-8' implies that the decoded values must be treated as Unicode codepoint numbers, there's a family of 'sbcs' encodings that may in turn treat different byte values differently, and that should be properly reflected in your charset_table settings. For example, the same byte value of 224 (0xE0 hex) maps to different Russian letters depending on whether koi-8r or windows-1251 encoding is used.

#### Example:

    charset_type = utf-8

### 11.2.16. charset_table

Accepted characters table, with case folding rules. Optional, default value depends on charset_type value.

charset_table is the main workhorse of Sphinx tokenizing process, ie. the process of extracting keywords from document text or query txet. It controls what characters are accepted as valid and what are not, and how the accepted characters should be transformed (eg. should the case be removed or not).

You can think of charset_table as of a big table that has a mapping for each and every of 100K+ characters in Unicode (or as of a small 256-character table if you're using SBCS). By default, every character maps to 0, which means that it does not occur within keywords and should be treated as a separator. Once mentioned in the table, character is mapped to some other character (most frequently, either to itself or to a lowercase letter), and is treated as a valid keyword part.

The expected value format is a commas-separated list of mappings. Two simplest mappings simply declare a character as valid, and map a single character to another single character, respectively. But specifying the whole table in such form would result in bloated and barely manageable specifications. So there are several syntax shortcuts that let you map ranges of characters at once. The complete list is as follows:

A->a

  Single char mapping, declares source char 'A' as allowed to occur within keywords and maps it to destination char 'a' (but does not declare 'a' as allowed).

A..Z->a..z

  Range mapping, declares all chars in source range as allowed and maps them to the destination range. Does not declare destination range as allowed. Also checks ranges' lengths (the lengths must be equal).

a

  Stray char mapping, declares a character as allowed and maps it to itself. Equivalent to a->a single char mapping.

a..z

  Stray range mapping, declares all characters in range as allowed and maps them to themselves. Equivalent to a..z->a..z range mapping.

A..Z/2

  Checkerboard range map. Maps every pair of chars to the second char. More formally, declares odd characters in range as allowed and maps them to the even ones; also declares even characters as allowed and maps them to themselves. For instance, A..Z/2 is equivalent to A->B, B->B, C->D, D->D, ..., Y->Z, Z->Z. This mapping shortcut is helpful for a number of Unicode blocks where uppercase and lowercase letters go in such interleaved order instead of contiguous chunks.

Control characters with codes from 0 to 31 are always treated as separators. Characters with codes 32 to 127, ie. 7-bit ASCII characters, can be used in the mappings as is. To avoid configuration file encoding issues, 8-bit ASCII characters and Unicode characters must be specified in U+xxx form, where 'xxx' is hexadecimal codepoint number. This form can also be used for 7-bit ASCII characters to encode special ones: eg. use U+20 to encode space, U+2E to encode dot, U+2C to encode comma.

#### Example:

    # 'sbcs' defaults for English and Russian
    charset_table = 0..9, A..Z->a..z, _, a..z, \
    	U+A8->U+B8, U+B8, U+C0..U+DF->U+E0..U+FF, U+E0..U+FF

    # 'utf-8' defaults for English and Russian
    charset_table = 0..9, A..Z->a..z, _, a..z, \
    	U+410..U+42F->U+430..U+44F, U+430..U+44F

### 11.2.17. ignore_chars

Ignored characters list. Optional, default is empty.

Useful in the cases when some characters, such as soft hyphenation mark (U+00AD), should be not just treated as separators but rather fully ignored. For example, if '-' is simply not in the charset_table, "abc-def" text will be indexed as "abc" and "def" keywords. On the contrary, if '-' is added to ignore_chars list, the same text will be indexed as a single "abcdef" keyword.

The syntax is the same as for charset_table, but it's only allowed to declare characters, and not allowed to map them. Also, the ignored characters must not be present in charset_table.

#### Example:

    ignore_chars = U+AD

### 11.2.18. min_prefix_len

Minimum word prefix length to index. Optional, default is 0 (do not index prefixes).

Prefix indexing allows to implement wildcard searching by 'wordstart*' wildcards (refer to enable_star option for details on wildcard syntax). When mininum prefix length is set to a positive number, indexer will index all the possible keyword prefixes (ie. word beginnings) in addition to the keywords themselves. Too short prefixes (below the minimum allowed length) will not be indexed.

For instance, indexing a keyword "example" with min_prefix_len=3 will result in indexing "exa", "exam", "examp", "exampl" prefixes along with the word itself. Searches against such index for "exam" will match documents that contain "example" word, even if they do not contain "exam" on itself. However, indexing prefixes will make the index grow significantly (because of many more indexed keywords), and will degrade both indexing and searching times.

There's no automatic way to rank perfect word matches higher in a prefix index, but there's a number of tricks to achieve that. First, you can setup two indexes, one with prefix indexing and one without it, search through both, and use SetIndexWeights() call to combine weights. Second, you can enable star-syntax and rewrite your extended-mode queries:

    # in sphinx.conf
    enable_star = 1

    // in query
    $cl->Query ( "( keyword | keyword* ) other keywords" );

#### Example:

    min_prefix_len = 3

### 11.2.19. min_infix_len

Minimum infix prefix length to index. Optional, default is 0 (do not index infixes).

Infix indexing allows to implement wildcard searching by 'start*', '*end', and '*middle*' wildcards (refer to enable_star option for details on wildcard syntax). When mininum infix length is set to a positive number, indexer will index all the possible keyword infixes (ie. substrings) in addition to the keywords themselves. Too short infixes (below the minimum allowed length) will not be indexed. For instance, indexing a keyword "test" with min_infix_len=2 will result in indexing "te", "es", "st", "tes", "est" infixes along with the word itself. Searches against such index for "es" will match documents that contain "test" word, even if they do not contain "es" on itself. However, indexing infixes will make the index grow significantly (because of many more indexed keywords), and will degrade both indexing and searching times.

There's no automatic way to rank perfect word matches higher in an infix index, but the same tricks as with prefix indexes can be applied.

#### Example:

    min_infix_len = 3

### 11.2.20. prefix_fields

The list of full-text fields to limit prefix indexing to. Optional, default is empty (index all fields in prefix mode).

Because prefix indexing impacts both indexing and searching performance, it might be desired to limit it to specific full-text fields only: for instance, to provide prefix searching through URLs, but not through page contents. prefix_fields specifies what fields will be prefix-indexed; all other fields will be indexed in normal mode. The value format is a comma-separated list of field names.

#### Example:

    prefix_fields = url, domain

### 11.2.21. infix_fields

The list of full-text fields to limit infix indexing to. Optional, default is empty (index all fields in infix mode).

Similar to prefix_fields, but lets you limit infix-indexing to given fields.

#### Example:

    infix_fields = url, domain

### 11.2.22. enable_star

Enables star-syntax (or wildcard syntax) when searching through prefix/infix indexes. Optional, default is is 0 (do not use wildcard syntax), for compatibility with 0.9.7. Known values are 0 and 1.

This feature enables "star-syntax", or wildcard syntax, when searching through indexes which were created with prefix or infix indexing enabled. It only affects searching; so it can be changed without reindexing by simply restarting `searchd`.

The default value is 0, that means to disable star-syntax and treat all keywords as prefixes or infixes respectively, depending on indexing-time min_prefix_len and min_infix_len settings. The value of 1 means that star ('*') can be used at the start and/or the end of the keyword. The star will match zero or more characters.

For example, assume that the index was built with infixes and that enable_star is 1. Searching should work as follows:

1. "abcdef" query will match only those documents that contain the exact "abcdef" word in them.
2. "abc*" query will match those documents that contain any words starting with "abc" (including the documents which contain the exact "abc" word only);
3. "*cde*" query will match those documents that contain any words which have "cde" characters in any part of the word (including the documents which contain the exact "cde" word only).
4. "*def" query will match those documents that contain any words ending with "def" (including the documents that contain the exact "def" word only).

#### Example:

    enable_star = 1

### 11.2.23. ngram_len

N-gram lengths for N-gram indexing. Optional, default is 0 (disable n-gram indexing). Known values are 0 and 1 (other lengths to be implemented).

N-grams provide basic CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) support for unsegmented texts. The issue with CJK searching is that there could be no clear separators between the words. Ideally, the texts would be filtered through a special program called segmenter that would insert separators in proper locations. However, segmenters are slow and error prone, and it's common to index contiguous groups of N characters, or n-grams, instead.

When this feature is enabled, streams of CJK characters are indexed as N-grams. For example, if incoming text is "ABCDEF" (where A to F represent some CJK characters) and length is 1, in will be indexed as if it was "A B C D E F". (With length equal to 2, it would produce "AB BC CD DE EF"; but only 1 is supported at the moment.) Only those characters that are listed in ngram_chars table will be split this way; other ones will not be affected.

Note that if search query is segmented, ie. there are separators between individual words, then wrapping the words in quotes and using extended mode will resut in proper matches being found even if the text was not segmented. For instance, assume that the original query is BC DEF. After wrapping in quotes on the application side, it should look like "BC" "DEF" (with quotes). This query will be passed to Sphinx and internally split into 1-grams too, resulting in "B C" "D E F" query, still with quotes that are the phrase matching operator. And it will match the text even though there were no separators in the text.

Even if the search query is not segmented, Sphinx should still produce good results, thanks to phrase based ranking: it will pull closer phrase matches (which in case of N-gram CJK words can mean closer multi-character word matches) to the top.

#### Example:

    ngram_len = 1

### 11.2.24. ngram_chars

N-gram characters list. Optional, default is empty.

To be used in conjunction with in ngram_len, this list defines characters, sequences of which are subject to N-gram extraction. Words comprised of other characters will not be affected by N-gram indexing feature. The value format is identical to charset_table.

#### Example:

    ngram_chars = U+3000..U+2FA1F

### 11.2.25. phrase_boundary

Phrase boundary characters list. Optional, default is empty.

This list controls what characters will be treated as phrase boundaries, in order to adjust word positions and enable phrase-level search emulation through proximity search. The syntax is similar to charset_table. Mappings are not allowed and the boundary characters must not overlap with anything else.

On phrase boundary, additional word position increment (specified by phrase_boundary_step) will be added to current word position. This enables phrase-level searching through proximity queries: words in different phrases will be guaranteed to be more than phrase_boundary_step distance away from each other; so proximity search within that distance will be equivalent to phrase-level search.

Phrase boundary condition will be raised if and only if such character is followed by a separator; this is to avoid abbreviations such as S.T.A.L.K.E.R or URLs being treated as several phrases.

#### Example:

    phrase_boundary = ., ?, !, U+2026 # horizontal ellipsis

### 11.2.26. phrase_boundary_step

Phrase boundary word position increment. Optional, default is 0.

On phrase boundary, current word position will be additionally incremented by this number. See phrase_boundary for details.

#### Example:

    phrase_boundary_step = 100

### 11.2.27. html_strip

Whether to strip HTML markup from incoming full-text data. Optional, default is 0. Known values are 0 (disable stripping) and 1 (enable stripping).

Both HTML tags and entities and considered markup and get processed.

HTML tags are removed, their contents (i.e., everything between <P> and </P>) are left intact by default. You can choose to keep and index attributes of the tags (e.g., HREF attribute in an A tag, or ALT in an IMG one). Several well-known inline tags are completely removed, all other tags are treated as block level and replaced with whitespace. For example, 'te<B>st</B>' text will be indexed as a single keyword 'test', however, 'te<P>st</P>' will be indexed as two keywords 'te' and 'st'. Known inline tags are as follows: A, B, I, S, U, BASEFONT, BIG, EM, FONT, IMG, LABEL, SMALL, SPAN, STRIKE, STRONG, SUB, SUP, TT.

HTML entities get decoded and replaced with corresponding UTF-8 characters. Stripper supports both numeric forms (such as &#239;) and text forms (such as &oacute; or &nbsp;). All entities as specified by HTML4 standard are supported.

Stripping does not work with `xmlpipe` source type (it's suggested to upgrade to xmlpipe2 anyway). It should work with properly formed HTML and XHTML, but, just as most browsers, may produce unexpected results on malformed input (such as HTML with stray <'s or unclosed >'s).

Only the tags themselves, and also HTML comments, are stripped. To strip the contents of the tags too (eg. to strip embedded scripts), see html_remove_elements option. There are no restrictions on tag names; ie. everything that looks like a valid tag start, or end, or a comment will be stripped.

#### Example:

    html_strip = 1

### 11.2.28. html_index_attrs

A list of markup attributes to index when stripping HTML. Optional, default is empty (do not index markup attributes).

Specifies HTML markup attributes whose contents should be retained and indexed even though other HTML markup is stripped. The format is per-tag enumeration of indexable attributes, as shown in the example below.

#### Example:

    html_index_attrs = img=alt,title; a=title;

### 11.2.29. html_remove_elements

A list of HTML elements for which to strip contents along with the elements themselves. Optional, default is empty string (do not strip contents of any elements).

This feature allows to strip element contents, ie. everything that is between the opening and the closing tags. It is useful to remove embedded scripts, CSS, etc. Short tag form for empty elements (ie. <br />) is properly supported; ie. the text that follows such tag will not be removed.

The value is a comma-separated list of element (tag) names whose contents should be removed. Tag names are case insensitive.

#### Example:

    html_remove_elements = style, script

### 11.2.30. local

Local index declaration in the distributed index. Multi-value, optional, default is empty.

This setting is used to declare local indexes that will be searched when given distributed index is searched. Many local indexes can be declared per each distributed index. Any local index can also be mentioned several times in different distributed indexes.

Note that by default all local indexes will be searched sequentially, utilizing only 1 CPU or core. To parallelize processing of the local parts in the distributed index, you should use `dist_threads` directive, see Section 11.4.29, “dist_threads”.

Before `dist_threads`, there also was a legacy solution to configure `searchd` to query itself instead of using local indexes (refer to Section 11.2.31, “agent” for the details). However, that creates redundant CPU and network load, and `dist_threads` is now strongly suggested instead.

#### Example:

    local = chunk1
    local = chunk2

### 11.2.31. agent

Remote agent declaration in the distributed index. Multi-value, optional, default is empty.

This setting is used to declare remote agents that will be searched when given distributed index is searched. The agents can be thought of as network pointers that specify host, port, and index names. In the basic case agents would correspond to remote physical machines. More formally, that is not always correct: you can point several agents to the same remote machine; or you can even point agents to the very same single instance of `searchd` (in order to utilize many CPUs or cores).

The value format is as follows:

    agent = specification:remote-indexes-list
    specification = hostname ":" port | path

Where 'hostname' is remote host name; 'port' is remote TCP port; 'path' is Unix-domain socket path and 'remote-indexes-list' is a comma-separated list of remote index names.

All agents will be searched in parallel. However, all indexes specified for a given agent will be searched sequentially in this agent. This lets you fine-tune the configuration to the hardware. For instance, if two remote indexes are stored on the same physical HDD, it's better to configure one agent with several sequentially searched indexes to avoid HDD steping. If they are stored on different HDDs, having two agents will be advantageous, because the work will be fully parallelized. The same applies to CPUs; though CPU performance impact caused by two processes stepping on each other is somewhat smaller and frequently can be ignored at all.

On machines with many CPUs and/or HDDs, agents can be pointed to the same machine to utilize all of the hardware in parallel and reduce query latency. There is no need to setup several `searchd` instances for that; it's legal to configure the instance to contact itself. Here's an example setup, intended for a 4-CPU machine, that will use up to 4 CPUs in parallel to process each query:

    index dist
    {
    	type = distributed
    	local = chunk1
    	agent = localhost:9312:chunk2
    	agent = localhost:9312:chunk3
    	agent = localhost:9312:chunk4
    }

Note how one of the chunks is searched locally and the same instance of searchd queries itself to launch searches through three other ones in parallel.

#### Example:

    agent = localhost:9312:chunk2 # contact itself
    agent = /var/run/searchd.s:chunk2
    agent = searchbox2:9312:chunk3,chunk4 # search remote indexes

### 11.2.32. agent_blackhole

Remote blackhole agent declaration in the distributed index. Multi-value, optional, default is empty. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

`agent_blackhole` lets you fire-and-forget queries to remote agents. That is useful for debugging (or just testing) production clusters: you can setup a separate debugging/testing searchd instance, and forward the requests to this instance from your production master (aggregator) instance without interfering with production work. Master searchd will attempt to connect and query blackhole agent normally, but it will neither wait nor process any responses. Also, all network errors on blackhole agents will be ignored. The value format is completely identical to regular agent directive.

#### Example:

    agent_blackhole = testbox:9312:testindex1,testindex2

### 11.2.33. agent_connect_timeout

Remote agent connection timeout, in milliseconds. Optional, default is 1000 (ie. 1 second).

When connecting to remote agents, `searchd` will wait at most this much time for connect() call to complete succesfully. If the timeout is reached but connect() does not complete, and retries are enabled, retry will be initiated.

#### Example:

    agent_connect_timeout = 300

### 11.2.34. agent_query_timeout

Remote agent query timeout, in milliseconds. Optional, default is 3000 (ie. 3 seconds).

After connection, `searchd` will wait at most this much time for remote queries to complete. This timeout is fully separate from connection timeout; so the maximum possible delay caused by a remote agent equals to the sum of `agent_connection_timeout` and `agent_query_timeout`. Queries will not be retried if this timeout is reached; a warning will be produced instead.

#### Example:

    agent_query_timeout = 10000 # our query can be long, allow up to 10 sec

### 11.2.35. preopen

Whether to pre-open all index files, or open them per each query. Optional, default is 0 (do not preopen).

This option tells `searchd` that it should pre-open all index files on startup (or rotation) and keep them open while it runs. Currently, the default mode is not to pre-open the files (this may change in the future). Preopened indexes take a few (currently 2) file descriptors per index. However, they save on per-query `open()` calls; and also they are invulnerable to subtle race conditions that may happen during index rotation under high load. On the other hand, when serving many indexes (100s to 1000s), it still might be desired to open the on per-query basis in order to save file descriptors.

This directive does not affect `indexer` in any way, it only affects `searchd`.

#### Example:

    preopen = 1

### 11.2.36. ondisk_dict

Whether to keep the dictionary file (.spi) for this index on disk, or precache it in RAM. Optional, default is 0 (precache in RAM). Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

The dictionary (.spi) can be either kept on RAM or on disk. The default is to fully cache it in RAM. That improves performance, but might cause too much RAM pressure, especially if prefixes or infixes were used. Enabling `ondisk_dict` results in 1 additional disk IO per keyword per query, but reduces memory footprint.

This directive does not affect `indexer` in any way, it only affects `searchd`.

#### Example:

    ondisk_dict = 1

### 11.2.37. inplace_enable

Whether to enable in-place index inversion. Optional, default is 0 (use separate temporary files). Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

`inplace_enable` greatly reduces indexing disk footprint, at a cost of slightly slower indexing (it uses around 2x less disk, but yields around 90-95% the original performance).

Indexing involves two major phases. The first phase collects, processes, and partially sorts documents by keyword, and writes the intermediate result to temporary files (.tmp*). The second phase fully sorts the documents, and creates the final index files. Thus, rebuilding a production index on the fly involves around 3x peak disk footprint: 1st copy for the intermediate temporary files, 2nd copy for newly constructed copy, and 3rd copy for the old index that will be serving production queries in the meantime. (Intermediate data is comparable in size to the final index.) That might be too much disk footprint for big data collections, and `inplace_enable` allows to reduce it. When enabled, it reuses the temporary files, outputs the final data back to them, and renames them on completion. However, this might require additional temporary data chunk relocation, which is where the performance impact comes from.

This directive does not affect `searchd` in any way, it only affects `indexer`.

#### Example:

    inplace_enable = 1

### 11.2.38. inplace_hit_gap

In-place inversion fine-tuning option. Controls preallocated hitlist gap size. Optional, default is 0. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This directive does not affect `searchd` in any way, it only affects `indexer`.

#### Example:

    inplace_hit_gap = 1M

### 11.2.39. inplace_docinfo_gap

In-place inversion fine-tuning option. Controls preallocated docinfo gap size. Optional, default is 0. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This directive does not affect `searchd` in any way, it only affects `indexer`.

#### Example:

    inplace_docinfo_gap = 1M

### 11.2.40. inplace_reloc_factor

In-place inversion fine-tuning option. Controls relocation buffer size within indexing memory arena. Optional, default is 0.1. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This directive does not affect `searchd` in any way, it only affects `indexer`.

#### Example:

    inplace_reloc_factor = 0.1

### 11.2.41. inplace_write_factor

In-place inversion fine-tuning option. Controls in-place write buffer size within indexing memory arena. Optional, default is 0.1. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This directive does not affect `searchd` in any way, it only affects `indexer`.

#### Example:

    inplace_write_factor = 0.1

### 11.2.42. index_exact_words

Whether to index the original keywords along with the stemmed/remapped versions. Optional, default is 0 (do not index). Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

When enabled, `index_exact_words` forces `indexer` to put the raw keywords in the index along with the stemmed versions. That, in turn, enables exact form operator in the query language to work. This impacts the index size and the indexing time. However, searching performance is not impacted at all.

#### Example:

    index_exact_words = 1

### 11.2.43. overshort_step

Position increment on overshort (less that min_word_len) keywords. Optional, allowed values are 0 and 1, default is 1. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This directive does not affect `searchd` in any way, it only affects `indexer`.

#### Example:

    overshort_step = 1

### 11.2.44. stopword_step

Position increment on stopwords. Optional, allowed values are 0 and 1, default is 1. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This directive does not affect `searchd` in any way, it only affects `indexer`.

#### Example:

    stopword_step = 1

### 11.2.45. hitless_words

Hitless words list. Optional, allowed values are 'all', or a list file name. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

By default, Sphinx full-text index stores not only a list of matching documents for every given keyword, but also a list of its in-document positions (aka hitlist). Hitlists enables phrase, proximity, strict order and other advanced types of searching, as well as phrase proximity ranking. However, hitlists for specific frequent keywords (that can not be stopped for some reason despite being frequent) can get huge and thus slow to process while querying. Also, in some cases we might only care about boolean keyword matching, and never need position-based searching operators (such as phrase matching) nor phrase ranking.

`hitless_words` lets you create indexes that either do not have positional information (hitlists) at all, or skip it for specific keywords.

Hitless index will generally use less space than the respective regular index (about 1.5x can be expected). Both indexing and searching should be faster, at a cost of missing positional query and ranking support. When searching, positional queries (eg. phrase queries) will be automatically converted to respective non-positional (document-level) or combined queries. For instance, if keywords "hello" and "world" are hitless, "hello world" phrase query will be converted to (hello & world) bag-of-words query, matching all documents that mention either of the keywords but not necessarily the exact phrase. And if, in addition, keywords "simon" and "says" are not hitless, "simon says hello world" will be converted to ("simon says" & hello & world) query, matching all documents that contain "hello" and "world" anywhere in the document, and also "simon says" as an exact phrase.

#### Example:

    hitless_words = all

### 11.2.46. expand_keywords

Expand keywords with exact forms and/or stars when possible. Optional, default is 0 (do not expand keywords). Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Queries against indexes with `expand_keywords` feature enabled are internally expanded as follows. If the index was built with prefix or infix indexing enabled, every keyword gets internally replaced with a disjunction of keyword itself and a respective prefix or infix (keyword with stars). If the index was built with both stemming and index_exact_words enabled, exact form is also added. Here's an example that shows how internal expansion works when all of the above (infixes, stemming, and exact words) are combined:

    running -> ( running | *running* | =running )

Expanded queries take naturally longer to complete, but can possibly improve the search quality, as the documents with exact form matches should be ranked generally higher than documents with stemmed or infix matches.

Note that the existing query syntax does not allowe to emulate this kind of expansion, because internal expansion works on keyword level and expands keywords within phrase or quorum operators too (which is not possible through the query syntax).

This directive does not affect `indexer` in any way, it only affects `searchd`.

#### Example:

    expand_keywords = 1

### 11.2.47. blend_chars

Blended characters list. Optional, default is empty. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Blended characters are indexed both as separators and valid characters. For instance, assume that & is configured as blended and AT&T occurs in an indexed document. Three different keywords will get indexed, namely "at&t", treating blended characters as valid, plus "at" and "t", treating them as separators.

Positions for tokens obtained by replacing blended characters with whitespace are assigned as usual, so regular keywords will be indexed just as if there was no `blend_chars` specified at all. An additional token that mixes blended and non-blended characters will be put at the starting position. For instance, if the field contents are "AT&T company" occurs in the very beginning of the text field, "at" will be given position 1, "t" position 2, "company" positin 3, and "AT&T" will also be given position 1 ("blending" with the opening regular keyword). Thus, querying for either AT&T or just AT will match that document, and querying for "AT T" as a phrase also match it. Last but not least, phrase query for "AT&T company" will also match it, despite the position

Blended characters can overlap with special characters used in query syntax (think of T-Mobile or @twitter). Where possible, query parser will automatically handle blended character as blended. For instance, "hello @twitter" within quotes (a phrase operator) would handle @-sign as blended, because @-syntax for field operator is not allowed within phrases. Otherwise, the character would be handled as an operator. So you might want to escape the keywords.

Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, blended characters can be remapped, so that multiple different blended characters could be normalized into just one base form. This is useful when indexing multiple alternative Unicode codepoints with equivalent glyphs.

#### Example:

    blend_chars = +, &, U+23
    blend_chars = +, &->+ # 2.0.1 and above

### 11.2.48. blend_mode

Blended tokens indexing mode. Optional, default is `trim_none`. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

By default, tokens that mix blended and non-blended characters get indexed in there entirety. For instance, when both at-sign and an exclamation are in `blend_chars`, "@dude!" will get result in two tokens indexed: "@dude!" (with all the blended characters) and "dude" (without any). Therefore "@dude" query will not match it.

`blend_mode` directive adds flexibility to this indexing behavior. It takes a comma-separated list of options.

    blend_mode = option [, option [, ...]]
    option = trim_none | trim_head | trim_tail | trim_both | skip_pure

Options specify token indexing variants. If multiple options are specified, multiple variants of the same token will be indexed. Regular keywords (resulting from that token by replacing blended with whitespace) are always be indexed.

trim_none

  Index the entire token.

trim_head

  Trim heading blended characters, and index the resulting token.

trim_tail

  Trim trailing blended characters, and index the resulting token.

trim_both

  Trim both heading and trailing blended characters, and index the resulting token.

skip_pure

  Do not index the token if it's purely blended, that is, consists of blended characters only.

Returning to the "@dude!" example above, setting `blend_mode = trim_head, trim_tail` will result in two tokens being indexed, "@dude" and "dude!". In this particular example, `trim_both` would have no effect, because trimming both blended characters results in "dude" which is already indexed as a regular keyword. Indexing "@U.S.A." with `trim_both` (and assuming that dot is blended two) would result in "U.S.A" being indexed. Last but not least, `skip_pure` enables you to fully ignore sequences of blended characters only. For example, "one @@@ two" would be indexed exactly as "one two", and match that as a phrase. That is not the case by default because a fully blended token gets indexed and offsets the second keyword position.

Default behavior is to index the entire token, equivalent to `blend_mode = trim_none`.

#### Example:

    blend_mode = trim_tail, skip_pure

### 11.2.49. rt_mem_limit

RAM chunk size limit. Optional, default is empty. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

RT index keeps some data in memory (so-called RAM chunk) and also maintains a number of on-disk indexes (so-called disk chunks). This directive lets you control the RAM chunk size. Once there's too much data to keep in RAM, RT index will flush it to disk, activate a newly created disk chunk, and reset the RAM chunk.

The limit is pretty strict; RT index should never allocate more memory than it's limited to. The memory is not preallocated either, hence, specifying 512 MB limit and only inserting 3 MB of data should result in allocating 3 MB, not 512 MB.

#### Example:

    rt_mem_limit = 512M

### 11.2.50. rt_field

Full-text field declaration. Multi-value, mandatory Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Full-text fields to be indexed are declared using `rt_field` directive. The names must be unique. The order is preserved; and so field values in INSERT statements without an explicit list of inserted columns will have to be in the same order as configured.

#### Example:

    rt_field = author
    rt_field = title
    rt_field = content

### 11.2.51. rt_attr_uint

Unsigned integer attribute declaration. Multi-value (an arbitrary number of attributes is allowed), optional. Declares an unsigned 32-bit attribute. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

#### Example:

    rt_attr_uint = gid

### 11.2.52. rt_attr_bigint

BIGINT attribute declaration. Multi-value (an arbitrary number of attributes is allowed), optional. Declares a signed 64-bit attribute. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

#### Example:

    rt_attr_bigint = guid

### 11.2.53. rt_attr_float

Floating point attribute declaration. Multi-value (an arbitrary number of attributes is allowed), optional. Declares a single precision, 32-bit IEEE 754 format float attribute. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

#### Example:

    rt_attr_float = gpa

### 11.2.54. rt_attr_multi

Multi-valued attribute (MVA) declaration. Declares the UNSIGNED INTEGER (unsigned 32-bit) MVA attribute. Multi-value (ie. there may be more than one such attribute declared), optional. Applies to RT indexes only.

#### Example:

    rt_attr_multi = my_tags

### 11.2.55. rt_attr_multi_64

Multi-valued attribute (MVA) declaration. Declares the BIGINT (signed 64-bit) MVA attribute. Multi-value (ie. there may be more than one such attribute declared), optional. Applies to RT indexes only.

#### Example:

    rt_attr_multi_64 = my_wide_tags

### 11.2.56. rt_attr_timestamp

Timestamp attribute declaration. Multi-value (an arbitrary number of attributes is allowed), optional. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

#### Example:

    rt_attr_timestamp = date_added

### 11.2.57. rt_attr_string

String attribute declaration. Multi-value (an arbitrary number of attributes is allowed), optional. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

#### Example:

    rt_attr_string = author

## 11.3. `indexer` program configuration options

### 11.3.1. mem_limit

Indexing RAM usage limit. Optional, default is 32M.

Enforced memory usage limit that the `indexer` will not go above. Can be specified in bytes, or kilobytes (using K postfix), or megabytes (using M postfix); see the example. This limit will be automatically raised if set to extremely low value causing I/O buffers to be less than 8 KB; the exact lower bound for that depends on the indexed data size. If the buffers are less than 256 KB, a warning will be produced.

Maximum possible limit is 2047M. Too low values can hurt indexing speed, but 256M to 1024M should be enough for most if not all datasets. Setting this value too high can cause SQL server timeouts. During the document collection phase, there will be periods when the memory buffer is partially sorted and no communication with the database is performed; and the database server can timeout. You can resolve that either by raising timeouts on SQL server side or by lowering `mem_limit`.

#### Example:

    mem_limit = 256M
    # mem_limit = 262144K # same, but in KB
    # mem_limit = 268435456 # same, but in bytes

### 11.3.2. max_iops

Maximum I/O operations per second, for I/O throttling. Optional, default is 0 (unlimited).

I/O throttling related option. It limits maximum count of I/O operations (reads or writes) per any given second. A value of 0 means that no limit is imposed.

`indexer` can cause bursts of intensive disk I/O during indexing, and it might desired to limit its disk activity (and keep something for other programs running on the same machine, such as `searchd`). I/O throttling helps to do that. It works by enforcing a minimum guaranteed delay between subsequent disk I/O operations performed by `indexer`. Modern SATA HDDs are able to perform up to 70-100+ I/O operations per second (that's mostly limited by disk heads seek time). Limiting indexing I/O to a fraction of that can help reduce search performance dedgradation caused by indexing.

#### Example:

    max_iops = 40

### 11.3.3. max_iosize

Maximum allowed I/O operation size, in bytes, for I/O throttling. Optional, default is 0 (unlimited).

I/O throttling related option. It limits maximum file I/O operation (read or write) size for all operations performed by `indexer`. A value of 0 means that no limit is imposed. Reads or writes that are bigger than the limit will be split in several smaller operations, and counted as several operation by max_iops setting. At the time of this writing, all I/O calls should be under 256 KB (default internal buffer size) anyway, so `max_iosize` values higher than 256 KB must not affect anything.

#### Example:

    max_iosize = 1048576

### 11.3.4. max_xmlpipe2_field

Maximum allowed field size for XMLpipe2 source type, bytes. Optional, default is 2 MB.

#### Example:

    max_xmlpipe2_field = 8M

### 11.3.5. write_buffer

Write buffer size, bytes. Optional, default is 1 MB.

Write buffers are used to write both temporary and final index files when indexing. Larger buffers reduce the number of required disk writes. Memory for the buffers is allocated in addition to mem_limit. Note that several (currently up to 4) buffers for different files will be allocated, proportionally increasing the RAM usage.

#### Example:

    write_buffer = 4M

### 11.3.6. max_file_field_buffer

Maximum file field adaptive buffer size, bytes. Optional, default is 8 MB, minimum is 1 MB.

File field buffer is used to load files referred to from sql_file_field columns. This buffer is adaptive, starting at 1 MB at first allocation, and growing in 2x steps until either file contents can be loaded, or maximum buffer size, specified by `max_file_field_buffer` directive, is reached.

Thus, if there are no file fields are specified, no buffer is allocated at all. If all files loaded during indexing are under (for example) 2 MB in size, but `max_file_field_buffer` value is 128 MB, peak buffer usage would still be only 2 MB. However, files over 128 MB would be entirely skipped.

#### Example:

    max_file_field_buffer = 128M

### 11.3.7. on_file_field_error

How to handle IO errors in file fields. Optional, default is `ignore_field`. Introduced in version 2.0.2-beta.

When there is a problem indexing a file referenced by a file field (Section 11.1.29, “sql_file_field”), `indexer` can either index the document, assuming empty content in this particular field, or skip the document, or fail indexing entirely. `on_file_field_error` directive controls that behavior. The values it takes are:

- `ignore_field`, index the current document without field;
- `skip_document`, skip the current document but continue indexing;
- `fail_index`, fail indexing with an error message.

The problems that can arise are: open error, size error (file too big), and data read error. Warning messages on any problem will be given at all times, irregardless of the phase and the `on_file_field_error` setting.

Note that with `on_file_field_error = skip_document` documents will only be ignored if problems are detected during an early check phase, and not during the actual file parsing phase. `indexer` will open every referenced file and check its size before doing any work, and then open it again when doing actual parsing work. So in case a file goes away between these two open attempts, the document will still be indexed.

#### Example:

    on_file_field_errors = skip_document

## 11.4. `searchd` program configuration options

### 11.4.1. listen

This setting lets you specify IP address and port, or Unix-domain socket path, that `searchd` will listen on. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

The informal grammar for `listen` setting is:

    listen = ( address ":" port | port | path ) [ ":" protocol ]

I.e. you can specify either an IP address (or hostname) and port number, or just a port number, or Unix socket path. If you specify port number but not the address, `searchd` will listen on all network interfaces. Unix path is identified by a leading slash.

Starting with version 0.9.9-rc2, you can also specify a protocol handler (listener) to be used for connections on this socket. Supported protocol values are 'sphinx' (Sphinx 0.9.x API protocol) and 'mysql41' (MySQL protocol used since 4.1 upto at least 5.1). More details on MySQL protocol support can be found in Section 5.10, “MySQL protocol support and SphinxQL” section.

#### Examples:

    listen = localhost
    listen = localhost:5000
    listen = 192.168.0.1:5000
    listen = /var/run/sphinx.s
    listen = 9312
    listen = localhost:9306:mysql41

There can be multiple listen directives, `searchd` will listen for client connections on all specified ports and sockets. If no `listen` directives are found then the server will listen on all available interfaces using the default SphinxAPI port 9312. Starting with 1.10-beta, it will also listen on default SphinxQL port 9306. Both port numbers are assigned by IANA (see http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers for details) and should therefore be available.

Unix-domain sockets are not supported on Windows.

### 11.4.2. address

Interface IP address to bind on. Optional, default is 0.0.0.0 (ie. listen on all interfaces). DEPRECATED, use listen instead.

`address` setting lets you specify which network interface `searchd` will bind to, listen on, and accept incoming network connections on. The default value is 0.0.0.0 which means to listen on all interfaces. At the time, you can not specify multiple interfaces.

#### Example:

    address = 192.168.0.1

### 11.4.3. port

`searchd` TCP port number. DEPRECATED, use listen instead. Used to be mandatory. Default port number is 9312.

#### Example:

    port = 9312

### 11.4.4. log

Log file name. Optional, default is 'searchd.log'. All `searchd` run time events will be logged in this file.

Also you can use the 'syslog' as the file name. In this case the events will be sent to syslog daemon. To use the syslog option the sphinx must be configured '--with-syslog' on building.

#### Example:

    log = /var/log/searchd.log

### 11.4.5. query_log

Query log file name. Optional, default is empty (do not log queries). All search queries will be logged in this file. The format is described in Section 5.9, “`searchd` query log formats”.

In case of 'plain' format, you can use the 'syslog' as the path to the log file. In this case all search queries will be sent to syslog daemon with LOG_INFO priority, prefixed with '[query]' instead of timestamp. To use the syslog option the sphinx must be configured '--with-syslog' on building.

#### Example:

    query_log = /var/log/query.log

### 11.4.6. query_log_format

Query log format. Optional, allowed values are 'plain' and 'sphinxql', default is 'plain'. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, two different log formats are supported. The default one logs queries in a custom text format. The new one logs valid SphinxQL statements. This directive allows to switch between the two formats on search daemon startup. The log format can also be altered on the fly, using `SET GLOBAL query_log_format=sphinxql` syntax. Refer to Section 5.9, “`searchd` query log formats” for more discussion and format details.

#### Example:

    query_log_format = sphinxql

### 11.4.7. read_timeout

Network client request read timeout, in seconds. Optional, default is 5 seconds. `searchd` will forcibly close the client connections which fail to send a query within this timeout.

#### Example:

    read_timeout = 1

### 11.4.8. client_timeout

Maximum time to wait between requests (in seconds) when using persistent connections. Optional, default is five minutes.

#### Example:

    client_timeout = 3600

### 11.4.9. max_children

Maximum amount of children to fork (or in other words, concurrent searches to run in parallel). Optional, default is 0 (unlimited).

Useful to control server load. There will be no more than this much concurrent searches running, at all times. When the limit is reached, additional incoming clients are dismissed with temporarily failure (SEARCHD_RETRY) status code and a message stating that the server is maxed out.

#### Example:

    max_children = 10

### 11.4.10. pid_file

`searchd` process ID file name. Mandatory.

PID file will be re-created (and locked) on startup. It will contain head daemon process ID while the daemon is running, and it will be unlinked on daemon shutdown. It's mandatory because Sphinx uses it internally for a number of things: to check whether there already is a running instance of `searchd`; to stop `searchd`; to notify it that it should rotate the indexes. Can also be used for different external automation scripts.

#### Example:

    pid_file = /var/run/searchd.pid

### 11.4.11. max_matches

Maximum amount of matches that the daemon keeps in RAM for each index and can return to the client. Optional, default is 1000.

Introduced in order to control and limit RAM usage, `max_matches` setting defines how much matches will be kept in RAM while searching each index. Every match found will still be processed; but only best N of them will be kept in memory and return to the client in the end. Assume that the index contains 2,000,000 matches for the query. You rarely (if ever) need to retrieve all of them. Rather, you need to scan all of them, but only choose "best" at most, say, 500 by some criteria (ie. sorted by relevance, or price, or anything else), and display those 500 matches to the end user in pages of 20 to 100 matches. And tracking only the best 500 matches is much more RAM and CPU efficient than keeping all 2,000,000 matches, sorting them, and then discarding everything but the first 20 needed to display the search results page. `max_matches` controls N in that "best N" amount.

This parameter noticeably affects per-query RAM and CPU usage. Values of 1,000 to 10,000 are generally fine, but higher limits must be used with care. Recklessly raising `max_matches` to 1,000,000 means that `searchd` will have to allocate and initialize 1-million-entry matches buffer for every query. That will obviously increase per-query RAM usage, and in some cases can also noticeably impact performance.

CAVEAT EMPTOR! Note that there also is another place where this limit is enforced. `max_matches` can be decreased on the fly through the corresponding API call, and the default value in the API is also set to 1,000. So in order to retrieve more than 1,000 matches to your application, you will have to change the configuration file, restart searchd, and set proper limit in SetLimits() call. Also note that you can not set the value in the API higher than the value in the .conf file. This is prohibited in order to have some protection against malicious and/or malformed requests.

#### Example:

    max_matches = 10000

### 11.4.12. seamless_rotate

Prevents `searchd` stalls while rotating indexes with huge amounts of data to precache. Optional, default is 1 (enable seamless rotation).

Indexes may contain some data that needs to be precached in RAM. At the moment, `.spa`, `.spi` and `.spm` files are fully precached (they contain attribute data, MVA data, and keyword index, respectively.) Without seamless rotate, rotating an index tries to use as little RAM as possible and works as follows:

1. new queries are temporarly rejected (with "retry" error code);
2. `searchd` waits for all currently running queries to finish;
3. old index is deallocated and its files are renamed;
4. new index files are renamed and required RAM is allocated;
5. new index attribute and dictionary data is preloaded to RAM;
6. `searchd` resumes serving queries from new index.

However, if there's a lot of attribute or dictionary data, then preloading step could take noticeble time - up to several minutes in case of preloading 1-5+ GB files.

With seamless rotate enabled, rotation works as follows:

1. new index RAM storage is allocated;
2. new index attribute and dictionary data is asynchronously preloaded to RAM;
3. on success, old index is deallocated and both indexes' files are renamed;
4. on failure, new index is deallocated;
5. at any given moment, queries are served either from old or new index copy.

Seamless rotate comes at the cost of higher peak memory usage during the rotation (because both old and new copies of `.spa/.spi/.spm` data need to be in RAM while preloading new copy). Average usage stays the same.

#### Example:

    seamless_rotate = 1

### 11.4.13. preopen_indexes

Whether to forcibly preopen all indexes on startup. Optional, default is 1 (preopen everything).

Starting with 2.0.1-beta, the default value for this option is now 1 (foribly preopen all indexes). In prior versions, it used to be 0 (use per-index settings).

When set to 1, this directive overrides and enforces preopen on all indexes. They will be preopened, no matter what is the per-index `preopen` setting. When set to 0, per-index settings can take effect. (And they default to 0.)

Pre-opened indexes avoid races between search queries and rotations that can cause queries to fail occasionally. They also make `searchd` use more file handles. In most scenarios it's therefore preferred and recommended to preopen indexes.

#### Example:

    preopen_indexes = 1

### 11.4.14. unlink_old

Whether to unlink .old index copies on succesful rotation. Optional, default is 1 (do unlink).

#### Example:

    unlink_old = 0

### 11.4.15. attr_flush_period

When calling `UpdateAttributes()` to update document attributes in real-time, changes are first written to the in-memory copy of attributes (`docinfo` must be set to `extern`). Then, once `searchd` shuts down normally (via `SIGTERM` being sent), the changes are written to disk. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

Starting with 0.9.9-rc1, it is possible to tell `searchd` to periodically write these changes back to disk, to avoid them being lost. The time between those intervals is set with `attr_flush_period`, in seconds.

It defaults to 0, which disables the periodic flushing, but flushing will still occur at normal shut-down.

#### Example:

    attr_flush_period = 900 # persist updates to disk every 15 minutes

### 11.4.16. ondisk_dict_default

Instance-wide defaults for ondisk_dict directive. Optional, default it 0 (precache dictionaries in RAM). Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This directive lets you specify the default value of ondisk_dict for all the indexes served by this copy of `searchd`. Per-index directive take precedence, and will overwrite this instance-wide default value, allowing for fine-grain control.

#### Example:

    ondisk_dict_default = 1 # keep all dictionaries on disk

### 11.4.17. max_packet_size

Maximum allowed network packet size. Limits both query packets from clients, and response packets from remote agents in distributed environment. Only used for internal sanity checks, does not directly affect RAM use or performance. Optional, default is 8M. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

#### Example:

    max_packet_size = 32M

### 11.4.18. mva_updates_pool

Shared pool size for in-memory MVA updates storage. Optional, default size is 1M. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

This setting controls the size of the shared storage pool for updated MVA values. Specifying 0 for the size disable MVA updates at all. Once the pool size limit is hit, MVA update attempts will result in an error. However, updates on regular (scalar) attributes will still work. Due to internal technical difficulties, currently it is not possible to store (flush) any updates on indexes where MVA were updated; though this might be implemented in the future. In the meantime, MVA updates are intended to be used as a measure to quickly catchup with latest changes in the database until the next index rebuild; not as a persistent storage mechanism.

#### Example:

    mva_updates_pool = 16M

### 11.4.19. crash_log_path

Deprecated debugging setting, path (formally prefix) for crash log files. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1. Deprecated in version 2.0.1-beta, as crash debugging information now gets logged into searchd.log in text form, and separate binary crash logs are no longer needed.

### 11.4.20. max_filters

Maximum allowed per-query filter count. Only used for internal sanity checks, does not directly affect RAM use or performance. Optional, default is 256. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

#### Example:

    max_filters = 1024

### 11.4.21. max_filter_values

Maximum allowed per-filter values count. Only used for internal sanity checks, does not directly affect RAM use or performance. Optional, default is 4096. Introduced in version 0.9.9-rc1.

#### Example:

    max_filter_values = 16384

### 11.4.22. listen_backlog

TCP listen backlog. Optional, default is 5.

Windows builds currently (as of 0.9.9) can only process the requests one by one. Concurrent requests will be enqueued by the TCP stack on OS level, and requests that can not be enqueued will immediately fail with "connection refused" message. listen_backlog directive controls the length of the connection queue. Non-Windows builds should work fine with the default value.

#### Example:

    listen_backlog = 20

### 11.4.23. read_buffer

Per-keyword read buffer size. Optional, default is 256K.

For every keyword occurrence in every search query, there are two associated read buffers (one for document list and one for hit list). This setting lets you control their sizes, increasing per-query RAM use, but possibly decreasing IO time.

#### Example:

    read_buffer = 1M

### 11.4.24. read_unhinted

Unhinted read size. Optional, default is 32K.

When querying, some reads know in advance exactly how much data is there to be read, but some currently do not. Most prominently, hit list size in not currently known in advance. This setting lest you control how much data to read in such cases. It will impact hit list IO time, reducing it for lists larger than unhinted read size, but raising it for smaller lists. It will not affect RAM use because read buffer will be already allocated. So it should be not greater than read_buffer.

#### Example:

    read_unhinted = 32K

### 11.4.25. max_batch_queries

Limits the amount of queries per batch. Optional, default is 32.

Makes searchd perform a sanity check of the amount of the queries submitted in a single batch when using multi-queries. Set it to 0 to skip the check.

#### Example:

    max_batch_queries = 256

### 11.4.26. subtree_docs_cache

Max common subtree document cache size, per-query. Optional, default is 0 (disabled).

Limits RAM usage of a common subtree optimizer (see Section 5.11, “Multi-queries”). At most this much RAM will be spent to cache document entries per each query. Setting the limit to 0 disables the optimizer.

#### Example:

    subtree_docs_cache = 8M

### 11.4.27. subtree_hits_cache

Max common subtree hit cache size, per-query. Optional, default is 0 (disabled).

Limits RAM usage of a common subtree optimizer (see Section 5.11, “Multi-queries”). At most this much RAM will be spent to cache keyword occurrences (hits) per each query. Setting the limit to 0 disables the optimizer.

#### Example:

    subtree_hits_cache = 16M

### 11.4.28. workers

Multi-processing mode (MPM). Optional; allowed values are none, fork, prefork, and threads. Default is fork on Unix based systems, and threads on Windows. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Lets you choose how `searchd` processes multiple concurrent requests. The possible values are:

none

  All requests will be handled serially, one-by-one. Prior to 1.x, this was the only mode available on Windows.

fork

  A new child process will be forked to handle every incoming request. Historically, this is the default mode.

prefork

  On startup, `searchd` will pre-fork a number of worker processes, and pass the incoming requests to one of those children.

threads

  A new thread will be created to handle every incoming request. This is the only mode compatible with RT indexing backend.

Historically, `searchd` used fork-based model, which generally performs OK but spends a noticeable amount of CPU in fork() system call when there's a high amount of (tiny) requests per second. Prefork mode was implemented to alleviate that; with prefork, worker processes are basically only created on startup and re-created on index rotation, somewhat reducing fork() call pressure.

Threads mode was implemented along with RT backend and is required to use RT indexes. (Regular disk-based indexes work in all the available modes.)

#### Example:

    workers = threads

### 11.4.29. dist_threads

Max local worker threads to use for parallelizable requests (searching a distributed index; building a batch of snippets). Optional, default is 0, which means to disable in-request parallelism. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Distributed index can include several local indexes. `dist_threads` lets you easily utilize multiple CPUs/cores for that (previously existing alternative was to specify the indexes as remote agents, pointing searchd to itself and paying some network overheads).

When set to a value N greater than 1, this directive will create up to N threads for every query, and schedule the specific searches within these threads. For example, if there are 7 local indexes to search and dist_threads is set to 2, then 2 parallel threads would be created: one that sequentially searches 4 indexes, and another one that searches the other 3 indexes.

In case of CPU bound workload, setting `dist_threads` to 1x the number of cores is advised (creating more threads than cores will not improve query time). In case of mixed CPU/disk bound workload it might sometimes make sense to use more (so that all cores could be utilizes even when there are threads that wait for I/O completion).

Note that `dist_threads` does not require threads MPM. You can perfectly use it with fork or prefork MPMs too.

Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, building a batch of snippets with `load_files` flag enabled can also be parallelized. Up to `dist_threads` threads are be created to process those files. That speeds up snippet extraction when the total amount of document data to process is significant (hundreds of megabytes).

#### Example:

    index dist_test
    {
    	type = distributed
    	local = chunk1
    	local = chunk2
    	local = chunk3
    	local = chunk4
    }

    # ...

    dist_threads = 4

### 11.4.30. binlog_path

Binary log (aka transaction log) files path. Optional, default is build-time configured data directory. Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

Binary logs are used for crash recovery of RT index data, and also of attributes updates of plain disk indices that would otherwise only be stored in RAM untill flush. When logging is enabled, every transaction COMMIT-ted into RT index gets written into a log file. Logs are then automatically replayed on startup after an unclean shutdown, recovering the logged changes.

`binlog_path` directive specifies the binary log files location. It should contain just the path; `searchd` will create and unlink multiple binlog.* files in that path as necessary (binlog data, metadata, and lock files, etc).

Empty value disables binary logging. That improves performance, but puts RT index data at risk.

WARNING! It is strongly recommended to always explicitly define 'binlog_path' option in your config. Otherwise, the default path, which in most cases is the same as working folder, may point to the folder with no write access (for example, /usr/local/var/data). In this case, the searchd will not start at all.

#### Example:

    binlog_path = # disable logging
    binlog_path = /var/data # /var/data/binlog.001 etc will be created

### 11.4.31. binlog_flush

Binary log transaction flush/sync mode. Optional, default is 2 (flush every transaction, sync every second). Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

This directive controls how frequently will binary log be flushed to OS and synced to disk. Three modes are supported:

- 0, flush and sync every second. Best performance, but up to 1 second worth of committed transactions can be lost both on daemon crash, or OS/hardware crash.
- 1, flush and sync every transaction. Worst performance, but every committed transaction data is guaranteed to be saved.
- 2, flush every transaction, sync every second. Good performance, and every committed transaction is guaranteed to be saved in case of daemon crash. However, in case of OS/hardware crash up to 1 second worth of committed transactions can be lost.

For those familiar with MySQL and InnoDB, this directive is entirely similar to `innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit`. In most cases, the default hybrid mode 2 provides a nice balance of speed and safety, with full RT index data protection against daemon crashes, and some protection against hardware ones.

#### Example:

    binlog_flush = 1 # ultimate safety, low speed

### 11.4.32. binlog_max_log_size

Maximum binary log file size. Optional, default is 0 (do not reopen binlog file based on size). Introduced in version 1.10-beta.

A new binlog file will be forcibly opened once the current binlog file reaches this limit. This achieves a finer granularity of logs and can yield more efficient binlog disk usage under certain borderline workloads.

#### Example:

    binlog_max_log_size = 16M

### 11.4.33. collation_server

Default server collation. Optional, default is libc_ci. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Specifies the default collation used for incoming requests. The collation can be overridden on a per-query basis. Refer to Section 5.12, “Collations” section for the list of available collations and other details.

#### Example:

    collation_server = utf8_ci

### 11.4.34. collation_libc_locale

Server libc locale. Optional, default is C. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Specifies the libc locale, affecting the libc-based collations. Refer to Section 5.12, “Collations” section for the details.

#### Example:

    collation_libc_locale = fr_FR

### 11.4.35. plugin_dir

Trusted location for the dynamic libraries (UDFs). Optional, default is empty (no location). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Specifies the trusted directory from which the UDF libraries can be loaded. Requires workers = thread to take effect.

#### Example:

    workers = threads
    plugin_dir = /usr/local/sphinx/lib

### 11.4.36. mysql_version_string

A server version string to return via MySQL protocol. Optional, default is empty (return Sphinx version). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Several picky MySQL client libraries depend on a particular version number format used by MySQL, and moreover, sometimes choose a different execution path based on the reported version number (rather than the indicated capabilities flags). For instance, Python MySQLdb 1.2.2 throws an exception when the version number is not in X.Y.ZZ format; MySQL .NET connector 6.3.x fails internally on version numbers 1.x along with a certain combination of flags, etc. To workaround that, you can use `mysql_version_string` directive and have `searchd` report a different version to clients connecting over MySQL protocol. (By default, it reports its own version.)

#### Example:

    mysql_version_string = 5.0.37

### 11.4.37. rt_flush_period

RT indexes RAM chunk flush check period, in seconds. Optional, default is 0 (do not flush). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Actively updated RT indexes that however fully fit in RAM chunks can result in ever-growing binlogs, impacting disk use and crash recovery time. With this directive the search daemon performs periodic flush checks, and eligible RAM chunks can get saved, enabling consequential binlog cleanup. See Section 4.4, “Binary logging” for more details.

#### Example:

    rt_flush_period = 3600

### 11.4.38. thread_stack

Per-thread stack size. Optional, default is 64K. Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

In the `workers = threads` mode, every request is processed with a separate thread that needs its own stack space. By default, 64K per thread are allocated for stack. However, extremely complex search requests might eventually exhaust the default stack and require more. For instance, a query that matches a few thousand keywords (either directly or through term expansion) can eventually run out of stack. Previously, that resulted in crashes. Starting with 2.0.1-beta, `searchd` attempts to estimate the expected stack use, and blocks the potentially dangerous queries. To process such queries, you can either the thread stack size by using the `thread_stack` directive (or switch to a different `workers` setting if that is possible).

A query with N levels of nesting is estimated to require approximately 30+0.12*N KB of stack, meaning that the default 64K is enough for queries with upto 300 levels, 150K for upto 1000 levels, etc. If the stack size limit is not met, `searchd` fails the query and reports the required stack size in the error message.

#### Example:

    thread_stack = 256K

### 11.4.39. expansion_limit

The maximum number of expanded keywords for a single wildcard. Optional, default is 0 (no limit). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

When doing substring searches against indexes built with `dict = keywords` enabled, a single wildcard may potentially result in thousands and even millions of matched keywords (think of matching 'a*' against the entire Oxford dictionary). This directive lets you limit the impact of such expansions. Setting `expansion_limit = N` restricts expansions to no more than N of the most frequent matching keywords (per each wildcard in the query).

#### Example:

    expansion_limit = 16

### 11.4.40. compat_sphinxql_magics

Legacy SphinxQL quirks compatiblity mode. Optional, default is 1 (keep compatibility). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

Starting with version 2.0.1-beta, we're bringing SphinxQL in closer compliance with standard SQL. However, existing applications must not get broken, and `compat_sphinxql_magics` lets you upgrade safely. It defauls to 1, which enables the compatibility mode. However, SphinxQL compatibility mode is now deprecated and will be removed once we complete bringing SphinxQL in line with standard SQL syntax. So it's advised to update the applications utilising SphinxQL and then switch the daemon to the new, more SQL compliant mode by setting `compat_sphinxql_magics = 0`. Please refer to Section 7.24, “SphinxQL upgrade notes, version 2.0.1-beta” for the details and update instruction.

#### Example:

    compat_sphinxql_magics = 0 # the future is now

### 11.4.41. watchdog

Threaded server watchdog. Optional, default is 1 (watchdog enabled). Introduced in version 2.0.1-beta.

A crashed query in `threads` multi-processing mode (`workers = threads`) can take down the entire server. With watchdog feature enabled, `searchd` additionally keeps a separate lightweight process that monitors the main server process, and automatically restarts the latter in case of abnormal termination. Watchdog is enabled by default.

#### Example:

    watchdog = 0 # disable watchdog

### 11.4.42. prefork_rotation_throttle

Delay between restarting preforked children on index rotation, in milliseconds. Optional, default is 0 (no delay). Introduced in version 2.0.2-beta.

When running in `workers = prefork` mode, every index rotation needs to restart all children to propagate the newly loaded index data changes. Restarting all of them at once might put excessive strain on CPU and/or network connections. (For instance, when the application keeps a bunch of open persistent connections to different children, and all those children restart.) Those bursts can be throttled down with `prefork_rotation_throttle` directive. Note that the children will be restarted sequentially, and thus "old" results might persist for a few more seconds. For instance, if `prefork_rotation_throttle` is set to 50 (milliseconds), and there are 30 children, then the last one would only be actually restarted 1.5 seconds (50*30=1500 milliseconds) after the "rotation finished" message in the `searchd` event log.

#### Example:

    prefork_rotation_throttle = 50 # throttle children restarts by 50 msec each

## Appendix A. Sphinx revision history

## A.1. Version 2.0.10-release, 22 jan 2014

### Bug fixes

- fixed #1778, SENTENCE and PARAGRAPH operators and infix stars clash
- fixed #1774, stack overflow on parsing large expressions
- fixed #1744, daemon failed to write to log file bigger than 4G
- fixed #1705, expression ranker handling of indexes with more than 32 fields
- fixed #1700, crash and cutoff in fullscan reverse_scan=1 queries
- fixed #1698, proper handling of stopword with blended chars
- fixed #1682, field end modifier and index_exact_words clash
- fixed #1678, memory leak in SUM() function of an expression ranker
- fixed #1670, updating of MVA attributes in distributed indexes via API
- fixed #1662, EscapeString() API escapes '<' too now
- fixed #1520, SetLimits() API documentation
- fixed #1491, documentation: space character is prohibited in charset_table
- fixed memory leak in expressions with max_window_hits
- fixed rt_flush_period - less stricter internal check and more often flushes overall

## A.2. Version 2.0.9-release, 26 aug 2013

### Bug fixes

- fixed #1655, special characters like ()?* were not processed correctly by exceptions
- fixed #1651, CREATE FUNCTION can now be used with BIGINT return type
- fixed #1649, incorrect warning message (about statistics mismatch) was returned when mixing wildcards and regular keywords
- fixed #1603, passing MVA64 arguments to non-MVA functions caused unpredicted behaviour and crashes (now explicitly forbidden)
- fixed #1601, negative numbers in IN() clause caused a syntax error
- fixed #1581, dict=keywords and sql_joined_field occasionally caused `indexer` to build corrupted indexes
- fixed #1546, file descriptor leaked on index rotation (that eventually prevented `searchd` to reload indexes)
- fixed #1537, `COUNT(*)` and compat_sphinxql_magics=0 via SphinxAPI caused an incorrect error message
- fixed #1531, #1589, several matching and highlighting issues when using both blend_chars and multi-wordforms
- fixed #1521, `indextool --check` did not handle empty RT MVA and gave an incorrect warning
- fixed #1392, SphinxSE builds with MySQL 5.6 now
- fixed #1346, NEAR handles duplicated keywords properly now
- fixed #757, wordforms shared between multiple indexes with different tokenizer settings failed to load (they now load with a warning)
- fixed that batch queries did not batch in some cases (because of internal expression alias issues)
- fixed that CALL KEYWORDS occasionally gave incorrect error messages
- fixed searchd crashes on ATTACHing plain indexes with MVAs
- fixed several deadlocks and other threading issues
- fixed incorrect sorting order with utf8_general_ci
- fixed that in some cases incorrect attribute values were returned when using expression aliases
- optimized xmlpipe2 indexing
- added a warning for missed stopwords, exception, wordforms files on index load and in `indextool --check`

## A.3. Version 2.0.8-release, 26 apr 2013

### Bug fixes

- fixed #1515, log strings over 2KB were clipped when query_log_format=plain
- fixed #1514, RT index disk chunk lose attribute update on daemon restart
- fixed #1512, crash while formatting log messages
- fixed #1511, crash on indexing PostgreSQL data source with MVA attributes
- fixed #1509, blend_chars vs incomplete multi-form and overshort
- fixed #1504, RT binlog replay vs descending tid on update
- fixed #1499, sql_field_str2wordcount actually is int, not string
- fixed #1498, now working with exceptions starting with number too
- fixed #1496, multiple destination keywords in wordform
- fixed #1494, lost 'mod', '%' operations in select list. Also corrected few typers in the doc.
- fixed #1490, expand_keywords vs prefix
- fixed #1487, `id` in expression fixed
- fixed #1483, snippets limits fix
- fixed #1481, shebang config changes check on rotation
- fixed #1479, port handling in PHP Sphinx API
- fixed #1474, daemon crash at SphinxQL packet overflows max_packet_size
- fixed #1472, crash on loading index to `indextool` for check
- fixed #1465, expansion_limit got lost in index rotation
- fixed #1427, #1506, utf8 3 and 4-bytes codepoints
- fixed #1405, between with mixed int float values

## A.4. Version 2.0.7-release, 26 mar 2013

### Bug fixes

- fixed #1475, memory leak in the expression parser
- fixed #1457, error messages over 2KB were clipped
- fixed #1454, searchd did not display an error message when the binlog path did not exist
- fixed #1441, SHOW META in a query batch was returning the last non-batch error
- fixed #1435, typo in the documentation
- fixed #1430, rt_flush_period now works even with a disabled binlog
- fixed #1427, overlong 4-byte UTF-8 codes in source text could cause indexer crashes or index corruption
- fixed #1418, warnings from local index searches were lost with dist_threads>0
- fixed #1417, crash handler now works on searchd startup stage, too (eg. to report index load time crashes)
- fixed #1410, bad numerics like '123abc' now result in a proper SphinxQL error message
- fixed #1404, a tiny memory leak in shared mutex
- fixed #1394, race in --iostats caused incorrect I/O statistics in threaded modes
- fixed #1391, QUORUM operator vs docinfo=inline returned wrong attribute values
- fixed #1389, edge case in the ORDER operator caused occasionaly searchd crashes
- fixed #1382, query parts with field limits but without real keywords (like '@name {') are now simply ignored and no longer cause a query syntax error
- fixed #1370, Windows indexer builds failed to fetch rows from MSSQL 2012
- fixed #1368, ORDER BY RAND() did not work in RT indexes
- fixed #1364, queries with hitless words could occasionally crash searchd
- fixed #1363, '*' in charset_table was causing query syntax errors with enable_star=1
- fixed #1353, added filtering by 'id' syntax (in addition to '@id') to SphinxSE
- fixed #1346, fixed NEAR operator behavior vs duplicated keywords
- fixed #1345, invalid PROXIMITY operator threshold now causes a query syntax error rather than unexpected search behavior
- fixed #1343, misconfigured indexes with 0 full text fields are now explicitly forbidden
- fixed #1342, specific error messages (from the preload stage) went missing when failing to load the indexes
- fixed #1339, no warning on inconsistent word statistics
- fixed #1335, typo in searchd help screen
- fixed #1334, typo in SELECT documentation
- fixed #1316, PHRASE operator did not match in a rare self-repeating document/query case
- fixed #1297, letting queries complete gracefully instead of killing them off in seamless_rotate=1, workers=prefork case
- fixed #1295, mentioned index naming requirements (proper identifier) in the FROM clause docs
- fixed #1221, incorrect results when using @groupby in select list via SphinxAPI with compat_sphinxql_magics=0
- fixed #1180, special SPZ chars occasionally leaking into snippets
- fixed #1171, preforked children did not reload logs on SIGUSR1
- fixed #1150, added support for `id` syntax in DELETE and parents in WHERE
- fixed #1135, crashes when using MVA/strings attributes in expression ranker
- fixed #1124, corrupted attributes after merging with an empty index
- fixed #1090, SphinxSE snippets UDF updated to support MySQL 5.5
- fixed #1041, added initial support for MVA updates (and other mutex protected things) on FreeBSD
- fixed #999, fullscan returned empty result sets in mixed batches of fullscan and fulltext queries
- fixed #921, document count/bytes 32bit overflow in indexer progress output
- fixed #539, added processing suffix rules with dots in .affix file to spelldump
- fixed #481, rotation did not work on Windows with preopen=1
- fixed #268, added warnings about duplicate elements in xmlpipe2
- fixed CSphStaticMutex (double initialization issue)
- fixed documentation typo in SQL data sources
- fixed too-late initialization of mutex at daemon
- fixed that an instance of searchd resurrected by watchdog could leak resources and/or crash
- added a console message about crashes during index loading at startup
- added more debug info about failed index loading

## A.5. Version 2.0.6-release, 22 oct 2012

### Bug fixes

- fixed #1322, J connector seems to be broken in rel20 , but works in trunk
- fixed #1321, 'set names utf8' passes, but 'set names utf-8' doesn't because of syntax error '-'
- fixed #1318, unhandled float comparison operators at filter
- fixed #1317, FD leaks on thread seamless rotation
- fixed #1313, crash on stopping daemon with incorrect RT index config
- fixed #1306, 'jolly roger ;)', and '(((((((((9 brackets)' crashes `searchd`
- fixed #1304, OS X debug compilation
- fixed #1302, daemon random crashes on OS X
- fixed #1301, `indexer` fails to send rotate signal
- fixed #1300, lost index settings on attach
- fixed #1299, daemon failed to rotate ATTACHed plain index
- fixed #1289, SENTENCE or PARAGRAPH searching leak memory
- fixes #1285, crash on running `searchd` with `syslog` and `watchdog`
- fixed #1279, linking against explicitly disabled iconv. Also added `--with-libexpat` to config options, which sometimes required on systems without XML support
- fixed #1278, broken unixODBC detection in configure script.
- fixed #1277, broken build on some toolchains (like uClibc) where not defined `LLONG_MIN`, added `ULLONG_MAX`
- fixed #1274, large `spa` ( >4GB ) file hasn't loaded
- fixed #1269, crash at RT index with MVA from disk chunk previously updated
- fixed #1268, unuseful warning removed
- fixed #1264, string and MVA attributes aliasing works again
- fixed #1254, its now possible to add indexes using --rotate
- fixed #1249, SphinxQL unusable with PHP >= 5.4.5
- fixed #1246, attributes of 100 character length not being saved
- fixed #1234, case sensitive GROUP BY attribute
- fixed #1216, typos, mem_limit default size and RT documentation
- fixed #1148, RT documentation updated
- fixed #1140, mem_limit default value
- fixed #1138, updated documentation on sql_attr_string
- fixed #1129, snippets vs empty files and empty filenames
- fixed #1123, configure compatibility fix
- fixed #1122, 64bit sql_range_step
- fixed #1082, crashes and deadlocks on OS X with `workers=threads` and field leak of read-write lock
- fixed #1081, select only count distinct attr1 but group by attr2
- fixed #1064, mistake while working with timestamp functions
- fixed #1043, inaccurate distinct count in case many indexes or distributed index
- fixed #1042, arithmetic expressions overflow
- fixed #1007, Russian stemming on big endian systems
- fixed #986, asserting in SetRankingMode (PHP API)
- fixed #975, incorrect ranking in some rare cases
- fixed #967, Python API type checking error
- fixed #934, API vs fullscan vs non-empty query
- fixed #899, error if using SetFilterRange as HAVING from SQL
- fixed #867, `indexer` accepts index names starting with digit or _
- fixed #699, signed vs unsigned 64-bit DocIDs in SphinxQL
- fixed #668, now ignoring single @ character (incorrect field operator)
- fixed #611, @! operator vs non-existent field, updated documentation
- fixed #412, multiple `--filter` arguments work as they should in search utility
- fixed #108, support for system libstemmer library. The sources of libstemmer placed into `libstemmer_c` is preferred, but the system lib will be tried if no sources found
- fixed ORDER BY output at query log with SphinxQL mode
- fixed documentation entry about sql_joined_field
- fixed sample config file
- fixed x64 configurations for libstemmer

## A.6. Version 2.0.5-release, 28 jul 2012

### Bug fixes

- fixed #1258, `xmlpipe2` refused to index indexes with `docinfo=inline`
- fixed #1257, legacy groupby modes vs `dist_threads` could occasionally return wrong search results (race condition)
- fixed #1253, missing single-word query performance optimization (simplified ranker) vs prefix-expanded keywords vs `dict=keywords`
- fixed #1252, COUNT(*) vs dist_threads could occasionally crash (race condition)
- fixed #1251, missing expression support in the IN() function
- fixed #1245, FlushAttributes mistakenly disabled by attr_flush_period=0 setting
- fixed #1244, per-API-command (search, update, etc) statistics were not updated by SphinxQL requests
- fixed #1243, misc issues (broken statistics, weights, checks) with very long keywords having blended parts in RT indexes
- fixed #1240, embedded `xmlpipe2` schema with more attributes than the `sphinx.conf` one caused `indexer` to crash
- fixed #1239, memory leak when optimizing `ABS(const)` and other 1-arg functions
- fixed #1228, #761, #1183, #1190, #1198, misc issues occasonally caused by MVA updates (crash on SaveAttributes; index rotation vs index name and TID; looped MVA updates; persistent MVA removal on rotation)
- fixed #1227, API queries with `SetGeoAnchor()` were logged incorrectly in SphinxQL-format query logs (`query_log_format=sphinxql`)
- fixed #1214, phrase query parsing issues when blend_chars contained a quote (") symbol
- fixed #1213, attribute aliases were not recognized by the subsequent `SELECT` items
- fixed #1212, `indextool` failed to check hitless keywords
- fixed #1210, crash when indexing an index with joined fields only (no regular fields)
- fixed #1209, `xmlpipe_fixup_utf8` off by a byte on certain (pretty rare) malformed sequences
- fixed #1202, various issues with `CALL KEYWORDS` vs RT indexes (crashes vs `dict=keywords`, missing modifiers in output)
- fixed #1201, snippets vs `query_mode=1` vs complex OR-queries could occasionally crash
- fixed #1197, `indexer` running out of disk space could either crash, or fail to display a proper error message
- fixed #1185, keywords with wildcards were not handled when highlighting the entire document
- fixed #1184, `indexer` crash when ngram_chars was set, but ngram_len=0
- fixed #1182, `indexer` crash on certain combinations of `docinfo=inline` vs bitfields
- fixed #1181, `GROUP BY` on a MVA64 was truncated at 32 bits
- fixed #1179, `passage_boundary` in snippets could get ignored (when highlighting the entire document)
- fixed #1178, `indexer` could crash when `charset_table` specified out-of-bounds codes
- fixed #1177, SPZ queries in snippets erroneously required passage_boundary option to be explicitly set
- fixed #1176, multi-queries with a `GROUP/ORDER BY` on a string attributed crashed
- fixed #1175, connection id mismatch in SphinxQL-format query logs
- fixed #1167, nested parentheses in a full-text query could mistakenly reset preceding field or zone limit operator
- fixed #1158, float range filters were not supported in a multi-query batch optimizer
- fixed #1157, broken gcc-4.7 build
- fixed #1156, empty result set instead of an error message when querying distributed indexes with compat_sphinxql_magic=1 and hitting an error
- fixed #1143, dash after a number incorrectly parsed as an operator `NOT`
- fixed #1137, `searchd` --stopwait hanged when the running instance crashed during shutdown
- fixed #1136, high idle CPU load on systems without `pthread_timed_lock()`
- fixed #1134, issues with `prefork` workers on systems without `pthread_timed_lock()`
- fixed #1133, `BuildExcerpts()` on a distributed index with `load_files` did not distribute the jobs
- fixed #1126, inaccurate hits sorting progress report on joined field indexing
- fixed #1121, occasional bad entries (wrong characters or invalid SQL) in SphinxQL-format query log
- fixed #1118, `libsphinxclient` requests failed when using `SPH_RANK_EXPR`
- fixed #1073, improved handling of wordforms/multiforms rules referring to stopwords
- fixed #1062, bigint filter ranges truncated when searching via SphinxQL
- fixed #1052, SphinxSE range arguments with leading zeroes mistakenly parsed as octal
- fixed #1011, negative MVA64 values mistakenly converted to positive (on indexing and/or output)
- fixed #974, crash when logging queries over 2048 bytes with performance counters enabled
- fixed #909, field-end modifier was ignored when followed by a non-whitespace syntax character (eg quote or bracket)
- fixed #907, issue with bigint filtering (large positive or negative values)
- fixed #906, #1074, Mac OS X 10.7.3 builds (conflicting memory allocation routines in Sphinx and external libs)
- fixed #901, #1066, sending bigger request packets was broken in Python API
- fixed #879, filters on weight-dependent expressions did not work correctly
- fixed #553, default/missing port value was not handled properly in SetServer() API call
- fixed that blended vs multiforms vs min_word_len could hang the query parser
- fixed missing command-line switches documentation

## A.7. Version 2.0.4-release, 02 mar 2012

### Bug fixes

- fixed #605, pack vs mysql compress
- fixed #783, #862, #917, #985, #990, #1032 documentation bugs
- fixed #885, bitwise AND/OR were not available via API
- fixed #984, crash on indexing data with MAGIC_CODE_ZONE symbol
- fixed #1004, RT index loses words from dictionary on segments merging with `id64` enabled
- fixed #1035, daemon doesn't properly handle FDs in case of socket overflow FD_SETSIZE ( *nix, `preopen_indexes=0`, `worker=threads` )
- fixed #1038, quoted string for API select
- fixed #1046, head SPZ overflow, snippet generation at non fast with SPZ
- fixed #1048, distributed index can't sort \ filter because of missed attributes
- fixed #1050, expression ranker vs agents
- fixed #1051, added MVA64 support to UDFs
- fixed #1054, max_query_time not handled properly on searching at RT index
- fixed #1055, expansion_limit on searching at RT disk chunks
- fixed #1057, daemon crashes on generating snippet with 0 documents provided
- fixed #1060, load_files_scattered don't work
- fixed #1065, libsphinxclient vs distribute index (agents)
- fixed #1067, modifiers were not escaped in legacy query emulation
- fixed #1071, master - agent communication got slower for a large query
- fixed #1076, #1077, (redundant copying, and a possible mutex leak with uservars)
- fixed #1078, `blended` vs FIELD_END
- fixed #1084 crash \ index corruption on loading persist MVA
- fixed #1091, RT attach of plain index with string \ MVA attributes prior regular attributes
- fixed #1092, update got binloged with wrong TID
- fixed #1098, crash on creating large expression
- fixed #1099, cleaning up temporary files on fail of indexing
- fixed #1100, missing xmlpipe_attr_bigint config directive
- fixed #1101, now ignoring dashes within keywords when dash is not in charset_table
- fixed #1103, `ZONE` operator incorrectly works on more than one keywords in a simple zone
- fixed #1106, optimized `WHERE id=value`, `WHERE id IN (values_list)` clauses used in `SELECT`, `UPDATE` statements
- fixed #1112, Sphinx doesn't work out-of-the-box because the collision of `binlog_path` option
- fixed #1116, crash on `FLUSH RTINDEX` unknown-index-name
- fixed #1117, occasional RT headers corruption (leading to crashes and/or missing results)
- fixed #1119, missing expression ranker support in SphinxSE
- fixed #1120, negative total_found, docs and hits counter on huge indexes

## A.8. Version 2.0.3-release, 23 dec 2011

### Bug fixes

- fixed #1031, SphinxQL parsing syntax for MVA at insert \ replace statements
- fixed #1027, stalls on attribute update in high-concurrency load
- fixed #1026, daemon crash on malformed API command
- fixed #1021, `max_children` option has been ignored with `worker=threads`
- fixed #1020, crash on large attribute files loading
- fixed #1014, crash on rotation when index has been removed from config file (`worker=threads`, *nix box)
- fixed #1001, broken MVA files in RT index while saving disk chunk
- fixed #995, crash on empty MVA updates
- fixed #994, crash on daemon shutdown with `seamless_rotate=0` and `workers=threads`
- fixed #993, #998, crash on replay `DELETE` statement vs RT index with `dict=keywords`, fixed sequential `INSERT` into `dict=keywords` index right after `INSERT` into `dict=crc` index
- fixed #991, crash on indexing mssql source with `mssql_unicode` enabled
- fixed #983, #950, crash on host name lookup (SphinxSE with MySQL 5.5)
- fixed #981, snippet inconsistency with `allow_empty=0`
- fixed #980, broken index produced by index merge in rare cases
- fixed #971, absent error message at master on agent "maxed out"
- fixed #695, #815, #835, #866, malformed warnings in SphinxQL
- fixed build of SphinxSE with MySQL 5.1
- fixed crash log for 'fork' and 'prefork' workers

## A.9. Version 2.0.2-beta, 15 nov 2011

### Major new features

- added keywords dictionary (`dict=keywords`) support to RT indexes
- added MVA, index_exact_words support to RT indexes (#888)
- added MVA64 (a set of BIGINTs) support to both disk and RT indexes (rt_attr_multi_64 directive)
- added an expression-based ranker, and a number of new ranking factors
- added ATTACH INDEX statement that converts a disk index to RT index
- added `WHERE` clause support to UPDATE statement
- added `bigint`, `float`, and `MVA` attribute support to UPDATE statement

### New features

- added support for upto 256 searchable fields (was upto 32 before)
- added `FIBONACCI()` function to expressions
- added load_files_scattered option to snippets
- added implicit attribute type promotions in multi-index result sets (#939)
- added index names to `indexer` progress message on merge (#928)
- added `--replay-flags` switch to `searchd`
- added string attribute support and a few previously missing snippets options to SphinxSE
- added previously missing `Status()`, `SetConnectTimeout()` API calls to Python API
- added `ORDER BY RAND()` support to SELECT statement
- added Sphinx version to Windows crash log
- added RT index support to indextool `--check` (checks disk chunks only) (#877)
- added prefork_rotation_throttle directive (preforked children restart delay, in milliseconds) (#873)
- added on_file_field_error directive (different `sql_file_field` handling modes)
- added manpages for all the programs
- added syslog logging support
- added sentence, paragraph, and zone support in `html_strip_mode=retain` mode to snippets
- optimized search performance with many `ZONE` operators
- improved suggestion tool (added Levenshtein limit, removed extra DB fetch)
- improved sentence extraction (handles salutations, starting initials better now)
- changed max_filter_values sanity check to 10M values

### New SphinxQL features

- added FLUSH RTINDEX statement
- added `dist_threads` directive (parallel processing), `load_files`, `load_files_scattered`, batch syntax (multiple documents) support to CALL SNIPPETS statement
- added `OPTION comment='...'` support to SELECT statement (#944)
- added SHOW VARIABLES statement
- added dummy handlers for SET TRANSACTION, SET NAMES, SELECT @@sysvar statements, and for `sql_auto_is_null`, `sql_mode`, and @@-style variables (like @@tx_isolation) in SET statement (better MySQL frameworks/connectors support)
- added complete SphinxQL error logging (all errors are logged now, not just `SELECT`s)
- improved SELECT statement syntax, made expressions aliases optional

### Bug fixes

- fixed #982, empty binlogs prevented upgraded daemon from starting up
- fixed #978, libsphinxclient build failed on sparc/sparc64 solaris
- fixed #977, eliminated (most) compiler warnings
- fixed #969, broken expression MVA/string argument type check prevented IF(IN(mva..)) and other valid expressions from working
- fixed #966, NOT IN @global_var syntax was not supported
- fixed #958, mem_limit over INT_MAX was not clamped
- fixed #954, UTF-8 snippets could crash on malformed data
- fixed #951, UTF-8 snippets could hang on malformed data
- fixed #947, bad float column type was reported via SphinxQL, breaking some clients
- fixed #940, group-by with a small enough `max_matches` limit could occasionaly crash and/or sort wrongly
- fixed #932, sending huge queries to agents occasionally failed (mainly on Windows)
- fixed #926, snippets did not highlight widlcard matches with morphology enabled
- fixed #918, crash logger did not report a proper query in `dist_threads` case
- fixed #916, watchdog caused (endless) respawns if there was a crash during shutdown
- fixed #904, attribute names were not forcibly case-folded in some API calls (eg. `SetGroupDistinct`)
- fixed #902, query parser did not support `stopword_step=0`
- fixed #897, network sockets dangled (open but unattended) while replaying binlog
- fixed #855, `allow_empty` option in snippets did not always work correctly
- fixed #854, indexing with many `bigint` attributes and `docinfo=inline` crashed
- fixed #838, RT MVA insertion did not sort MVA values, caused matching issues
- fixed #833, duplicate MVA values were not eliminated on update
- fixed #832, certain (overshort/incorrect) documents crashed indexing MS SQL Unicode columns
- fixed #829, query parser did not properly handle numerics with `blend_chars`
- fixed #814, group-by string attributes in RT indexes dit not always work correctly
- fixed #812, utf8 stemming produced unexpected stems on words with single-byte chars
- fixed #808, huge queries crashed logging with `query_log_format=sphinxql`
- fixed #806, stray single-star keyword crashed on querying
- fixed #798, snippets ignored `index_exact_words` in query_mode
- fixed #797, RT klist loader had an occasional off-by-one crash
- fixed #791, `preopen_indexes` erroneously defaulted to 0 on Windows
- fixed #790, huge dictionaries (over 4 GB) did not work
- fixed #786, `inplace_enable` could occasionally corrupt the indexes
- fixed #775, doc had a typo (soundex vs metaphone)
- fixed #772, snippets duplicated blended chars on a SPZ boundary
- fixed #762, query parser truncated digit-only keywords over 15 digits
- fixed #736, query parser dit not properly handle blended/special char sequence
- fixed #726, rotation of an index with a changed attribute count crashed
- fixed #687, querying multiple indexes with index weights and sort-by expression produced incorrect (unadjusted) weights
- fixed #585, (unsupported) string ordinals were silently zeroed out with `docinfo=inline` (instead of failing)
- fixed #583, certain keywords could occasionally crash multiforms
- fixed that concurrent MVA updates could crash
- fixed that query parser did not ignore a pure blended token with a leading modifier
- fixed that query parser did not properly handle a modifier followed by a dash
- fixed that substring indexing with `dict=crc` did not support `index_exact_words` and `zones`
- fixed that in a rare edge case common subtree cache could crash
- fixed that empty result set returned the full schema (rather than `SELECT`-ed columns)
- fixed that SphinxQL did not have a sanity check for (currently unsupported) result set schemas over 250 attributes
- fixed that updates on regular indexes were not binlogged
- fixed that multi-query optimization check for expressions did not handle multi-index case
- fixed that SphinxSE did not build vs MySQL 5.5 release
- fixed that `proximity_bm25` ranker could yield incorrect weight on duplicated keywords
- fixed that prefix expansion with `dict=keyword` occasionally crashed
- fixed that `strip_path` did not work on RT disk chunks
- fixed that exclude filters were not properly logged in `query_log_format=sphinxql` mode
- fixed that plain string attribute check in `indextool` `--check` was broken
- fixed that Java API did not let specify a connection timeout
- fixed that ordinal and wordcount attributes could not be fetched via SphinxQL
- fixed that in a rare edge case `OR/ORDER` would not match properly
- fixed that sending (huge) query response did not handle `EINTR` properly
- fixed that `SPH04` ranker could yield incorrectly high weight in some cases
- fixed that C API did not let zero out cutoff, `max_matches` settings
- fixed that on a persistent connection there were occasionally issues handling signals while doing network reads/waitss
- fixed that in a rare edge case (field start modifier in a certain complex query) querying crashed
- fixed that snippets did not support `dist_threads` with `load_files=0`
- fixed that in some extremely rare edge cases tiny parts of an index could end up corrupted with `dict=keywords`
- fixed that field/zone conditions were not propagated to expanded keywords with `dict=keywords`

## A.10. Version 2.0.1-beta, 22 apr 2011

### New general features

- added remapping support to blend_chars directive
- added multi-threaded snippet batches support (requires a batch sent via API, dist_threads, and `load_files`)
- added collations (collation_server, collation_libc_locale directives)
- added support for sorting and grouping on string attributes (`ORDER BY`, `GROUP BY`, `WITHING GROUP ORDER BY`)
- added UDF support (plugin_dir directive; CREATE FUNCTION, DROP FUNCTION statements)
- added query_log_format directive, SET GLOBAL query_log_format | log_level = ... statements; and connection id tracking
- added sql_column_buffers directive, fixed out-of-buffer column handling in ODBC/MS SQL sources
- added blend_mode directive that enables indexing multiple variants of a blended sequence
- added UNIX socket support to C, Ruby APIs
- added ranged query support to sql_joined_field
- added rt_flush_period directive
- added thread_stack directive
- added SENTENCE, PARAGRAPH, ZONE operators (and index_sp, index_zones directives)
- added keywords dictionary support (and dict, expansion_limit directives)
- added `passage_boundary`, `emit_zones` options to snippets
- added a watchdog process in threaded mode
- added persistent MVA updates
- added crash dumps to `searchd.log`, deprecated `crash_log_path` directive
- added id32 index support in id64 binaries (EXPERIMENTAL)
- added SphinxSE support for DELETE and REPLACE on SphinxQL tables

### New SphinxQL features

- added new, more SQL compliant SphinxQL syntax; and a compat_sphinxql_magics directive
- added CRC32(), DAY(), MONTH(), YEAR(), YEARMONTH(), YEARMONTHDAY() functions
- added DIV, MOD, and % operators
- added reverse_scan=(0|1) option to SELECT
- added support for MySQL packets over 16M
- added dummy SHOW VARIABLES, SHOW COLLATION, and SET character_set_results support (to support handshake with certain client libraries and frameworks)
- added mysql_version_string directive (to workaround picky MySQL client libraries)
- added support for global filter variables, SET GLOBAL @uservar=(int_list)
- added DELETE ... IN (id_list) syntax support
- added C-style comments syntax (for example, `SELECT /*!40000 some comment*/ id FROM test`)
- added UPDATE ... WHERE id=X syntax support
- added SphinxQL multi-query support
- added DESCRIBE, SHOW TABLES statements

### New command-line switches

- added `--print-queries` switch to `indexer` that dumps SQL queries it runs
- added `--sighup-each` switch to `indexer` that rotates indexes one by one
- added `--strip-path` switch to `searchd` that skips file paths embedded in the index(-es)
- added `--dumpconfig` switch to `indextool` that dumps an index header in `sphinx.conf` format

### Major changes and optimizations

- changed default preopen_indexes value to 1
- optimized English stemmer (results in 1.3x faster snippets and indexing with morphology=stem_en)
- optimized snippets, 1.6x general speedup
- optimized const-list parsing in SphinxQL
- optimized full-document highlighting CPU/RAM use
- optimized binlog replay (improved performance on K-list update)

### Bug fixes

- fixed #767, joined fields vs ODBC sources
- fixed #757, wordforms shared by indexes with different settings
- fixed #733, loading of indexes in formats prior to v.14
- fixed #763, occasional snippets failures
- fixed #648, occasionally missed rotations on multiple SIGHUPs
- fixed #750, an RT segment merge leading to false positives and/or crashes in some cases
- fixed #755, zones in snippets output
- fixed #754, stopwords counting at snippet passage generation
- fixed #723, fork/prefork index rotation in children processes
- fixed #696, freeze on zero threshold in quorum operator
- fixed #732, query escaping in SphinxSE
- fixed #739, occasional crashes in MT mode on result set send
- fixed #746, crash with a named list in SphinxQL option
- fixed #674, AVG vs group order
- fixed #734, occasional crashes attempting to report NULL errors
- fixed #829, tail hits within field position modifier
- fixed #712, missing query_mode, force_all_words snippet option defaults in Java API
- fixed #721, added dupe removal on RT batch INSERT/REPLACE
- fixed #720, potential extraneous highlighting after a blended keyword
- fixed #702, exceptions vs star search
- fixed #666, ext2 query grouping vs exceptions
- fixed #688, WITHIN GROUP ORDER BY related crash
- fixed #660, multi-queue batches vs dist_threads
- fixed #678, crash on dict=keywords vs xmlpipe vs min_prefix_len
- fixed #596, ECHILD vs scripted configs
- fixed #653, dependency in expression, sorting, grouping
- fixed #661, concurrent distributed searches vs workers=threads
- fixed #646, crash on status query via UNIX socket
- fixed #589, libexpat.dll missing from some Win32 build types
- fixed #574, quorum match order
- fixed multiple documentation issues (#372, #483, #495, #601, #623, #632, #654)
- fixed that ondisk_dict did not affect RT indexes
- fixed that string attributes check in indextool --check was erroneously sensitive to string data order
- fixed a rare crash when using BEFORE operator
- fixed an issue with multiforms vs BuildKeywords()
- fixed an edge case in OR operator (emitted wrong hits order sometimes)
- fixed aliasing in docinfo accessors that lead to very rare crashes and/or missing results
- fixed a syntax error on a short token at the end of a query
- fixed id64 filtering and performance degradation with range filters
- fixed missing rankers in libsphinxclient
- fixed missing SPH04 ranker in SphinxSE
- fixed column names in sql_attr_multi sample (works with example.sql now)
- fixed an issue with distributed local+remote setup vs aggregate functions
- fixed case sensitive columns names in RT indexes
- fixed a crash vs strings from multiple indexes in result set
- fixed blended keywords vs snippets
- fixed secure_connection vs MySQL protocol vs MySQL.NET connector
- fixed that Python API did not works with Python 2.3
- fixed overshort_step vs snippets
- fixed keyword staistics vs dist_threads searching
- fixed multiforms vs query parsing (vs quorum)
- fixed missed quorum words vs RT segments
- fixed blended keywords occasionally skipping extra character when querying (eg "abc[]")
- fixed Python API to handle int32 values
- fixed prefix and infix indexing of joined fields
- fixed MVA ranged query
- fixed missing blended state reset on document boundary
- fixed a crash on missing index while replaying binlog
- fixed an error message on filter values overrun
- fixed passage duplication in snippets in weight_order mode
- fixed select clauses over 1K vs remote agents
- fixed overshort accounting vs soft-whitespace tokens
- fixed rotation vs workers=threads
- fixed schema issues vs distributed indexes
- fixed blended-escaped sequence parsing issue
- fixed MySQL IN clause (values order etc)
- fixed that post_index did not execute when 0 documents were succesfully indexed
- fixed field position limit vs many hits
- fixed that joined fields missed an end marker at field end
- fixed that xxx_step settings were missing from .sph index header
- fixed libsphinxclient missing request cleanup in sphinx_query() (eg after network errors)
- fixed that index_weights were ignored when grouping
- fixed multi wordforms vs blend_chars
- fixed broken MVA output in SphinxQL
- fixed a few RT leaks
- fixed an issue with RT string storage going missing
- fixed an issue with repeated queries vs dist_threads
- fixed an issue with string attributes vs buffer overrun in SphinxQL
- fixed unexpected character data warnings within ignored xmlpipe tags
- fixed a crash in snippets with NEAR syntax query
- fixed passage duplication in snippets
- fixed libsphinxclient SIGPIPE handling
- fixed libsphinxclient vs VS2003 compiler bug

## A.11. Version 1.10-beta, 19 jul 2010

- added RT indexes support (Chapter 4, Real-time indexes)
- added prefork and threads support (workers directives)
- added multi-threaded local searches in distributed indexes (dist_threads directive)
- added common subquery cache (subtree_docs_cache, subtree_hits_cache directives)
- added string attributes support (sql_attr_string, sql_field_string, xml_attr_string, xml_field_string directives)
- added indexing-time word counter (sql_attr_str2wordcount, sql_field_str2wordcount directives)
- added CALL SNIPPETS(), CALL KEYWORDS() SphinxQL statements
- added `field_weights`, `index_weights` options to SphinxQL SELECT statement
- added insert-only SphinxQL-talking tables to SphinxSE (connection='sphinxql://host[:port]/index')
- added `select` option to SphinxSE queries
- added backtrace on crash to `searchd`
- added SQL+FS indexing, aka loading files by names fetched from SQL (sql_file_field directive)
- added a watchdog in threads mode to `searchd`
- added automatic row phantoms elimination to index merge
- added hitless indexing support (hitless_words directive)
- added --check, --strip-path, --htmlstrip, --dumphitlist ... --wordid switches to indextool
- added --stopwait, --logdebug switches to searchd
- added --dump-rows, --verbose switches to indexer
- added "blended" characters indexing support (blend_chars directive)
- added joined/payload field indexing (sql_joined_field directive)
- added FlushAttributes() API call
- added query_mode, force_all_words, limit_passages, limit_words, start_passage_id, load_files, html_strip_mode, allow_empty options, and %PASSAGE_ID% macro in before_match, after_match options to BuildExcerpts() API call
- added @groupby/@count/@distinct columns support to SELECT (but not to expressions)
- added query-time keyword expansion support (expand_keywords directive, SPH_RANK_SPH04 ranker)
- added query batch size limit option (max_batch_queries directive; was hardcoded)
- added SINT() function to expressions
- improved SphinxQL syntax error reporting
- improved expression optimizer (better constant handling)
- improved dash handling within keywords (no longer treated as an operator)
- improved snippets (better passage selection/trimming, around option now a hard limit)
- optimized index format that yields ~20-30% smaller indexes
- optimized sorting code (indexing time 1-5% faster on average; 100x faster in worst case)
- optimized searchd startup time (moved .spa preindexing to indexer), added a progress bar
- optimized queries against indexes with many attributes (eliminated redundant copying)
- optimized 1-keyword queries (performace regression introduced in 0.9.9)
- optimized SphinxQL protocol overheads, and performance on bigger result sets
- optimized unbuffered attributes writes on index merge
- changed attribute handling, duplicate names are strictly forbidden now
- fixed that SphinxQL sessions could stall shutdown
- fixed consts with leading minus in SphinxQL
- fixed AND/OR precedence in expressions
- fixed #334, AVG() on integers was not computed in floats
- fixed #371, attribute flush vs 2+ GB files
- fixed #373, segfault on distributed queries vs certain libc versions
- fixed #398, stopwords not stopped in prefix/infix indexes
- fixed #404, erroneous MVA failures in indextool --check
- fixed #408, segfault on certain query batches (regular scan, plus a scan with MVA groupby)
- fixed #431, occasional shutdown hangs in preforked workers
- fixed #436, trunk checkout builds vs Solaris sh
- fixed #440, escaping vs parentheses declared as valid in charset_table
- fixed #442, occasional non-aligned free in MVA indexing
- fixed #447, occasional crashes in MVA indexing
- fixed #449, pconn busyloop on aborted clients on certain arches
- fixed #465, build issue on Alpha
- fixed #468, build issue in libsphinxclient
- fixed #472, multiple stopword files failing to load
- fixed #489, buffer overflow in query logging
- fixed #493, Python API assertion after error returned from Query()
- fixed #500, malformed MySQL packet when sending MVAs
- fixed #504, SIGPIPE in libsphinxclient
- fixed #506, better MySQL protocol commands support in SphinxQL (PING etc)
- fixed #509, indexing ranged results from stored procedures

## A.12. Version 0.9.9-release, 02 dec 2009

- added Open, Close, Status calls to libsphinxclient (C API)
- added automatic persistent connection reopening to PHP, Python APIs
- added 64-bit value/range filters, fullscan mode support to SphinxSE
- MAJOR CHANGE, our IANA assigned ports are 9312 and 9306 respectively (goodbye, trusty 3312)
- MAJOR CHANGE, erroneous filters now fail with an error (were silently ignored before)
- optimized unbuffered .spa writes on merge
- optimized 1-keyword queries ranking in extended2 mode
- fixed #441 (IO race in case of highly conccurent load on a preopened)
- fixed #434 (distrubuted indexes were not searchable via MySQL protocol)
- fixed #317 (indexer MVA progress counter)
- fixed #398 (stopwords not removed from search query)
- fixed #328 (broken cutoff)
- fixed #250 (now quoting paths w/spaces when installing Windows service)
- fixed #348 (K-list was not updated on merge)
- fixed #357 (destination index were not K-list-filtered on merge)
- fixed #369 (precaching .spi files over 2 GBs)
- fixed #438 (missing boundary proximity matches)
- fixed #371 (.spa flush in case of files over 2 GBs)
- fixed #373 (crashes on distributed queries via mysql proto)
- fixed critical bugs in hit merging code
- fixed #424 (ordinals could be misplaced during indexing in case of bitfields etc)
- fixed #426 (failing SE build on Solaris; thanks to Ben Beecher)
- fixed #423 (typo in SE caused crash on SHOW STATUS)
- fixed #363 (handling of read_timeout over 2147 seconds)
- fixed #376 (minor error message mismatch)
- fixed #413 (minus in SphinxQL)
- fixed #417 (floats w/o leading digit in SphinxQL)
- fixed #403 (typo in SetFieldWeights name in Java API)
- fixed index rotation vs persistent connections
- fixed backslash handling in SphinxQL parser
- fixed uint unpacking vs. PHP 5.2.9 (possibly other versions)
- fixed #325 (filter settings send from SphinxSE)
- fixed #352 (removed mysql wrapper around close() in SphinxSE)
- fixed #389 (display error messages through SphinxSE status variable)
- fixed linking with port-installed iconv on OS X
- fixed negative 64-bit unpacking in PHP API
- fixed #349 (escaping backslash in query emulation mode)
- fixed #320 (disabled multi-query route when select items differ)
- fixed #353 (better quorum counts check)
- fixed #341 (merging of trailing hits; maybe other ranking issues too)
- fixed #368 (partially; @field "" caused crashes; now resets field limit)
- fixed #365 (field mask was leaking on field-limited terms)
- fixed #339 (updated debug query dumper)
- fixed #361 (added SetConnectTimeout() to Java API)
- fixed #338 (added missing fullscan to mode check in Java API)
- fixed #323 (added floats support to SphinxQL)
- fixed #340 (support listen=port:proto syntax too)
- fixed #332 (\r is legal SphinxQL space now)
- fixed xmlpipe2 K-lists
- fixed #322 (safety gaps in mysql protocol row buffer)
- fixed #313 (return keyword stats for empty indexes too)
- fixed #344 (invalid checkpoints after merge)
- fixed #326 (missing CLOCK_xxx on FreeBSD)

## A.13. Version 0.9.9-rc2, 08 apr 2009

- added IsConnectError(), Open(), Close() calls to Java API (bug #240)
- added read_buffer, read_unhinted directives
- added checks for build options returned by mysql_config (builds on Solaris now)
- added fixed-RAM index merge (bug #169)
- added logging chained queries count in case of (optimized) multi-queries
- added GEODIST() function
- added --status switch to searchd
- added MySpell (OpenOffice) affix file support (bug #281)
- added ODBC support (both Windows and UnixODBC)
- added support for @id in IN() (bug #292)
- added support for aggregate functions in GROUP BY (namely AVG, MAX, MIN, SUM)
- added MySQL UDF that builds snippets using searchd
- added write_buffer directive (defaults to 1M)
- added xmlpipe_fixup_utf8 directive
- added suggestions sample
- added microsecond precision int64 timer (bug #282)
- added listen_backlog directive
- added max_xmlpipe2_field directive
- added initial SphinxQL support to mysql41 handler, SELECT .../SHOW WARNINGS/STATUS/META are handled
- added support for different network protocols, and mysql41 protocol
- added fieldmask ranker, updated SphinxSE list of rankers
- added mysql_ssl_xxx directives
- added --cpustats (requires clock_gettime()) and --status switches to searchd
- added performance counters, Status() API call
- added overshort_step and stopword_step directives
- added strict order operator (aka operator before, eg. "one << two << three")
- added indextool utility, moved --dumpheader there, added --debugdocids, --dumphitlist options
- added own RNG, reseeded on @random sort query (bug #183)
- added field-start and field-end modifiers support (syntax is "^hello world$"; field-end requires reindex)
- added MVA attribute support to IN() function
- added AND, OR, and NOT support to expressions
- improved logging of (optimized) multi-queries (now logging chained query count)
- improved handshake error handling, fixed protocol version byte order (omg)
- updated SphinxSE to protocol 1.22
- allowed phrase_boundary_step=-1 (trick to emulate keyword expansion)
- removed SPH_MAX_QUERY_WORDS limit
- fixed CLI search vs documents missing from DB (bug #257)
- fixed libsphinxclient results leak on subsequent sphinx_run_queries call (bug #256)
- fixed libsphinxclient handling of zero max_matches and cutoff (bug #208)
- fixed Java API over-64K string reads (eg. big snippets) in Java API (bug #181)
- fixed Java API 2nd Query() after network error in 1st Query() call (bug #308)
- fixed typo-class bugs in SetFilterFloatRange (bug #259), SetSortMode (bug #248)
- fixed missing @@relaxed support (bug #276), fixed missing error on @nosuchfield queries, documented @@relaxed
- fixed UNIX socket permissions to 0777 (bug #288)
- fixed xmlpipe2 crash on schemas with no fields, added better document structure checks
- fixed (and optimized) expr parser vs IN() with huge (10K+) args count
- fixed double EarlyCalc() in fullscan mode (minor performance impact)
- fixed phrase boundary handling in some cases (on buffer end, on trailing whitespace)
- fixes in snippets (aka excerpts) generation
- fixed inline attrs vs id64 index corruption
- fixed head searchd crash on config re-parse failure
- fixed handling of numeric keywords with leading zeroes such as "007" (bug #251)
- fixed junk in SphinxSE status variables (bug #304)
- fixed wordlist checkpoints serialization (bug #236)
- fixed unaligned docinfo id access (bug #230)
- fixed GetRawBytes() vs oversized blocks (headers with over 32K charset_table should now work, bug #300)
- fixed buffer overflow caused by too long dest wordform, updated tests
- fixed IF() return type (was always int, is deduced now)
- fixed legacy queries vs. special chars vs. multiple indexes
- fixed write-write-read socket access pattern vs Nagle vs delays vs FreeBSD (oh wow)
- fixed exceptions vs query-parser issue
- fixed late calc vs @weight in expressions (bug #285)
- fixed early lookup/calc vs filters (bug #284)
- fixed emulated MATCH_ANY queries (empty proximity and phrase queries are allowed now)
- fixed MATCH_ANY ranker vs fields with no matches
- fixed index file size vs inplace_enable (bug #245)
- fixed that old logs were not closed on USR1 (bug #221)
- fixed handling of '!' alias to NOT operator (bug #237)
- fixed error handling vs query steps (step failure was not reported)
- fixed querying vs inline attributes
- fixed stupid bug in escaping code, fixed EscapeString() and made it static
- fixed parser vs @field -keyword, foo|@field bar, "" queries (bug #310)

## A.14. Version 0.9.9-rc1, 17 nov 2008

- added min_stemming_len directive
- added IsConnectError() API call (helps distingusih API vs remote errors)
- added duplicate log messages filter to searchd
- added --nodetach debugging switch to searchd
- added blackhole agents support for debugging/testing (agent_blackhole directive)
- added max_filters, max_filter_values directives (were hardcoded before)
- added int64 expression evaluation path, automatic inference, and BIGINT() enforcer function
- added crash handler for debugging (crash_log_path directive)
- added MS SQL (aka SQL Server) source support (Windows only, mssql_winauth and mssql_unicode directives)
- added indexer-side column unpacking feature (unpack_zlib, unpack_mysqlcompress directives)
- added nested brackers and NOTs support to query language, rewritten query parser
- added persistent connections support (Open() and Close() API calls)
- added index_exact_words feature, and exact form operator to query language ("hello =world")
- added status variables support to SphinxSE (SHOW STATUS LIKE 'sphinx_%')
- added max_packet_size directive (was hardcoded at 8M before)
- added UNIX socket support, and multi-interface support (listen directive)
- added star-syntax support to BuildExcerpts() API call
- added inplace inversion of .spa and .spp (inplace_enable directive, 1.5-2x less disk space for indexing)
- added builtin Czech stemmer (morphology=stem_cz)
- added IDIV(), NOW(), INTERVAL(), IN() functions to expressions
- added index-level early-reject based on filters
- added MVA updates feature (mva_updates_pool directive)
- added select-list feature with computed expressions support (see SetSelect() API call, test.php --select switch), protocol 1.22
- added integer expressions support (2x faster than float)
- added multiforms support (multiple source words in wordforms file)
- added legacy rankers (MATCH_ALL/MATCH_ANY/etc), removed legacy matching code (everything runs on V2 engine now)
- added field position limit modifier to field operator (syntax: @title[50] hello world)
- added killlist support (sql_query_killlist directive, --merge-killlists switch)
- added on-disk SPI support (ondisk_dict directive)
- added indexer IO stats
- added periodic .spa flush (attr_flush_period directive)
- added config reload on SIGHUP
- added per-query attribute overrides feature (see SetOverride() API call); protocol 1.21
- added signed 64bit attrs support (sql_attr_bigint directive)
- improved HTML stripper to also skip PIs (<? ... ?>, such as <?php ... ?>)
- improved excerpts speed (upto 50x faster on big documents)
- fixed a short window of searchd inaccessibility on startup (started listen()ing too early before)
- fixed .spa loading on systems where read() is 2GB capped
- fixed infixes vs morphology issues
- fixed backslash escaping, added backslash to EscapeString()
- fixed handling of over-2GB dictionary files (.spi)

## A.15. Version 0.9.8.1, 30 oct 2008

- added configure script to libsphinxclient
- changed proximity/quorum operator syntax to require whitespace after length
- fixed potential head process crash on SIGPIPE during "maxed out" message
- fixed handling of incomplete remote replies (caused over-degraded distributed results, in rare cases)
- fixed sending of big remote requests (caused distributed requests to fail, in rare cases)
- fixed FD_SET() overflow (caused searchd to crash on startup, in rare cases)
- fixed MVA vs distributed indexes (caused loss of 1st MVA value in result set)
- fixed tokenizing of exceptions terminated by specials (eg. "GPS AT&T" in extended mode)
- fixed buffer overrun in stemmer on overlong tokens occasionally emitted by proximity/quorum operator parser (caused crashes on certain proximity/quorum queries)
- fixed wordcount ranker (could be dropping hits)
- fixed --merge feature (numerous different fixes, caused broken indexes)
- fixed --merge-dst-range performance
- fixed prefix/infix generation for stopwords
- fixed ignore_chars vs specials
- fixed misplaced F_SETLKW check (caused certain build types, eg. RPM build on FC8, to fail)
- fixed dictionary-defined charsets support in spelldump, added \x-style wordchars support
- fixed Java API to properly send long strings (over 64K; eg. long document bodies for excerpts)
- fixed Python API to accept offset/limit of 'long' type
- fixed default ID range (that filtered out all 64-bit values) in Java and Python APIs

## A.16. Version 0.9.8, 14 jul 2008

### Indexing

- added support for 64-bit document and keyword IDs, --enable-id64 switch to configure
- added support for floating point attributes
- added support for bitfields in attributes, sql_attr_bool directive and bit-widths part in sql_attr_uint directive
- added support for multi-valued attributes (MVA)
- added metaphone preprocessor
- added libstemmer library support, provides stemmers for a number of additional languages
- added xmlpipe2 source type, that supports arbitrary fields and attributes
- added word form dictionaries, wordforms directive (and spelldump utility)
- added tokenizing exceptions, exceptions directive
- added an option to fully remove element contents to HTML stripper, html_remove_elements directive
- added HTML entities decoder (with full XHTML1 set support) to HTML stripper
- added per-index HTML stripping settings, html_strip, html_index_attrs, and html_remove_elements directives
- added IO load throttling, max_iops and max_iosize directives
- added SQL load throttling, sql_ranged_throttle directive
- added an option to index prefixes/infixes for given fields only, prefix_fields and infix_fields directives
- added an option to ignore certain characters (instead of just treating them as whitespace), ignore_chars directive
- added an option to increment word position on phrase boundary characters, phrase_boundary and phrase_boundary_step directives
- added --merge-dst-range switch (and filters) to index merging feature (--merge switch)
- added mysql_connect_flags directive (eg. to reduce indexing time MySQL network traffic and/or time)
- improved ordinals sorting; now runs in fixed RAM
- improved handling of documents with zero/NULL ids, now skipping them instead of aborting

### Search daemon

- added an option to unlink old index on succesful rotation, unlink_old directive
- added an option to keep index files open at all times (fixes subtle races on rotation), preopen and preopen_indexes directives
- added an option to profile searchd disk I/O, --iostats command-line option
- added an option to rotate index seamlessly (fully avoids query stalls), seamless_rotate directive
- added HTML stripping support to excerpts (uses per-index settings)
- added 'exact_phrase', 'single_passage', 'use_boundaries', 'weight_order 'options to BuildExcerpts() API call
- added distributed attribute updates propagation
- added distributed retries on master node side
- added log reopen on SIGUSR1
- added --stop switch (sends SIGTERM to running instance)
- added Windows service mode, and --servicename switch
- added Windows --rotate support
- improved log timestamping, now with millisecond precision

### Querying

- added extended engine V2 (faster, cleaner, better; SPH_MATCH_EXTENDED2 mode)
- added ranking modes support (V2 engine only; SetRankingMode() API call)
- added quorum searching support to query language (V2 engine only; example: "any three of all these words"/3)
- added query escaping support to query language, and EscapeString() API call
- added multi-field syntax support to query language (example: "@(field1,field2) something"), and @@relaxed field checks option
- added optional star-syntax ('word*') support in keywords, enable_star directive (for prefix/infix indexes only)
- added full-scan support (query must be fully empty; can perform block-reject optimization)
- added COUNT(DISTINCT(attr)) calculation support, SetGroupDistinct() API call
- added group-by on MVA support, SetArrayResult() PHP API call
- added per-index weights feature, SetIndexWeights() API call
- added geodistance support, SetGeoAnchor() API call
- added result set sorting by arbitrary expressions in run time (eg. "@weight+log(price)*2.5"), SPH_SORT_EXPR mode
- added result set sorting by @custom compile-time sorting function (see src/sphinxcustomsort.inl)
- added result set sorting by @random value
- added result set merging for indexes with different schemas
- added query comments support (3rd arg to Query()/AddQuery() API calls, copied verbatim to query log)
- added keyword extraction support, BuildKeywords() API call
- added binding field weights by name, SetFieldWeights() API call
- added optional limit on query time, SetMaxQueryTime() API call
- added optional limit on found matches count (4rd arg to SetLimits() API call, so-called 'cutoff')

### APIs and SphinxSE

- added pure C API (libsphinxclient)
- added Ruby API (thanks to Dmytro Shteflyuk)
- added Java API
- added SphinxSE support for MVAs (use varchar), floats (use float), 64bit docids (use bigint)
- added SphinxSE options "floatrange", "geoanchor", "fieldweights", "indexweights", "maxquerytime", "comment", "host" and "port"; and support for "expr:CLAUSE"
- improved SphinxSE max query size (using MySQL condition pushdown), upto 256K now

### General

- added scripting (shebang syntax) support to config files (example: #!/usr/bin/php in the first line)
- added unified config handling and validation to all programs
- added unified documentation
- added .spec file for RPM builds
- added automated testing suite
- improved index locking, now fcntl()-based instead of buggy file-existence-based
- fixed unaligned RAM accesses, now works on SPARC and ARM

### Changes and fixes since 0.9.8-rc2

- added pure C API (libsphinxclient)
- added Ruby API
- added SetConnectTimeout() PHP API call
- added allowed type check to UpdateAttributes() handler (bug #174)
- added defensive MVA checks on index preload (protection against broken indexes, bug #168)
- added sphinx-min.conf sample file
- added --without-iconv switch to configure
- removed redundant -lz dependency in searchd
- removed erroneous "xmlpipe2 deprecated" warning
- fixed EINTR handling in piped read (bug #166)
- fixup query time before logging and sending to client (bug #153)
- fixed attribute updates vs full-scan early-reject index (bug #149)
- fixed gcc warnings (bug #160)
- fixed mysql connection attempt vs pgsql source type (bug #165)
- fixed 32-bit wraparound when preloading over 2 GB files
- fixed "out of memory" message vs over 2 GB allocs (bug #116)
- fixed unaligned RAM access detection on ARM (where unaligned reads do not crash but produce wrong results)
- fixed missing full scan results in some cases
- fixed several bugs in --merge, --merge-dst-range
- fixed @geodist vs MultiQuery and filters, @expr vs MultiQuery
- fixed GetTokenEnd() vs 1-grams (was causing crash in excerpts)
- fixed sql_query_range to handle empty strings in addition to NULL strings (Postgres specific)
- fixed morphology=none vs infixes
- fixed case sensitive attributes names in UpdateAttributes()
- fixed ext2 ranking vs. stopwords (now using atompos from query parser)
- fixed EscapeString() call
- fixed escaped specials (now handled as whitespace if not in charset)
- fixed schema minimizer (now handles type/size mismatches)
- fixed word stats in extended2; stemmed form is now returned
- fixed spelldump case folding vs dictionary-defined character sets
- fixed Postgres BOOLEAN handling
- fixed enforced "inline" docinfo on empty indexes (normally ok, but index merge was really confused)
- fixed rare count(distinct) out-of-bounds issue (it occasionaly caused too high @distinct values)
- fixed hangups on documents with id=DOCID_MAX in some cases
- fixed rare crash in tokenizer (prefixed synonym vs. input stream eof)
- fixed query parser vs "aaa (bbb ccc)|ddd" queries
- fixed BuildExcerpts() request in Java API
- fixed Postgres specific memory leak
- fixed handling of overshort keywords (less than min_word_len)
- fixed HTML stripper (now emits space after indexed attributes)
- fixed 32-field case in query parser
- fixed rare count(distinct) vs. querying multiple local indexes vs. reusable sorter issue
- fixed sorting of negative floats in SPH_SORT_EXTENDED mode

## A.17. Version 0.9.7, 02 apr 2007

- added support for `sql_str2ordinal_column`
- added support for upto 5 sort-by attrs (in extended sorting mode)
- added support for separate groups sorting clause (in group-by mode)
- added support for on-the-fly attribute updates (PRE-ALPHA; will change heavily; use for preliminary testing ONLY)
- added support for zero/NULL attributes
- added support for 0.9.7 features to SphinxSE
- added support for n-grams (alpha, 1-grams only for now)
- added support for warnings reported to client
- added support for exclude-filters
- added support for prefix and infix indexing (see `max_prefix_len`, `max_infix_len`)
- added `@*` syntax to reset current field to query language
- added removal of duplicate entries in query index order
- added PHP API workarounds for PHP signed/unsigned braindamage
- added locks to avoid two concurrent indexers working on same index
- added check for existing attributes vs. `docinfo=none` case
- improved groupby code a lot (better precision, and upto 25x times faster in extreme cases)
- improved error handling and reporting
- improved handling of broken indexes (reports error instead of hanging/crashing)
- improved `mmap()` limits for attributes and wordlists (now able to map over 4 GB on x64 and over 2 GB on x32 where possible)
- improved `malloc()` pressure in head daemon (search time should not degrade with time any more)
- improved `test.php` command line options
- improved error reporting (distributed query, broken index etc issues now reported to client)
- changed default network packet size to be 8M, added extra checks
- fixed division by zero in BM25 on 1-document collections (in extended matching mode)
- fixed `.spl` files getting unlinked
- fixed crash in schema compatibility test
- fixed UTF-8 Russian stemmer
- fixed requested matches count when querying distributed agents
- fixed signed vs. unsigned issues everywhere (ranged queries, CLI search output, and obtaining docid)
- fixed potential crashes vs. negative query offsets
- fixed 0-match docs vs. extended mode vs. stats
- fixed group/timestamp filters being ignored if querying from older clients
- fixed docs to mention `pgsql` source type
- fixed issues with explicit '&' in extended matching mode
- fixed wrong assertion in SBCS encoder
- fixed crashes with no-attribute indexes after rotate

## A.18. Version 0.9.7-rc2, 15 dec 2006

- added support for extended matching mode (query language)
- added support for extended sorting mode (sorting clauses)
- added support for SBCS excerpts
- added `mmap()ing` for attributes and wordlist (improves search time, speeds up `fork()` greatly)
- fixed attribute name handling to be case insensitive
- fixed default compiler options to simplify post-mortem debugging (added `-g`, removed `-fomit-frame-pointer`)
- fixed rare memory leak
- fixed "hello hello" queries in "match phrase" mode
- fixed issue with excerpts, texts and overlong queries
- fixed logging multiple index name (no longer tokenized)
- fixed trailing stopword not flushed from tokenizer
- fixed boolean evaluation
- fixed pidfile being wrongly `unlink()ed` on `bind()` failure
- fixed `--with-mysql-includes/libs` (they conflicted with well-known paths)
- fixes for 64-bit platforms

## A.19. Version 0.9.7-rc1, 26 oct 2006

- added alpha index merging code
- added an option to decrease `max_matches` per-query
- added an option to specify IP address for searchd to listen on
- added support for unlimited amount of configured sources and indexes
- added support for group-by queries
- added support for /2 range modifier in charset_table
- added support for arbitrary amount of document attributes
- added logging filter count and index name
- added `--with-debug` option to configure to compile in debug mode
- added `-DNDEBUG` when compiling in default mode
- improved search time (added doclist size hints, in-memory wordlist cache, and used VLB coding everywhere)
- improved (refactored) SQL driver code (adding new drivers should be very easy now)
- improved exceprts generation
- fixed issue with empty sources and ranged queries
- fixed querying purely remote distributed indexes
- fixed suffix length check in English stemmer in some cases
- fixed UTF-8 decoder for codes over U+20000 (for CJK)
- fixed UTF-8 encoder for 3-byte sequences (for CJK)
- fixed overshort (less than `min_word_len`) words prepended to next field
- fixed source connection order (indexer does not connect to all sources at once now)
- fixed line numbering in config parser
- fixed some issues with index rotation

## A.20. Version 0.9.6, 24 jul 2006

- added support for empty indexes
- added support for multiple sql_query_pre/post/post_index
- fixed timestamp ranges filter in "match any" mode
- fixed configure issues with --without-mysql and --with-pgsql options
- fixed building on Solaris 9

## A.21. Version 0.9.6-rc1, 26 jun 2006

- added boolean queries support (experimental, beta version)
- added simple file-based query cache (experimental, beta version)
- added storage engine for MySQL 5.0 and 5.1 (experimental, beta version)
- added GNU style `configure` script
- added new searchd protocol (all binary, and should be backwards compatible)
- added distributed searching support to searchd
- added PostgreSQL driver
- added excerpts generation
- added `min_word_len` option to index
- added `max_matches` option to searchd, removed hardcoded MAX_MATCHES limit
- added initial documentation, and a working `example.sql`
- added support for multiple sources per index
- added soundex support
- added group ID ranges support
- added `--stdin` command-line option to search utility
- added `--noprogress` option to indexer
- added `--index` option to search
- fixed UTF-8 decoder (3-byte codepoints did not work)
- fixed PHP API to handle big result sets faster
- fixed config parser to handle empty values properly
- fixed redundant `time(NULL)` calls in time-segments mode