lxml
====

.. meta::
  :description: lxml - the most feature-rich and easy-to-use library for working with XML and HTML in the Python language
  :keywords: lxml, etree, objectify, Python, XML, HTML

.. class:: pagequote

| `» lxml takes all the pain out of XML. « <http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.python.lxml.devel/3252/focus=3258>`_
| Stephan Richter

.. class:: eyecatcher

|   lxml is the most feature-rich
|   and easy-to-use library
|   for working with XML and HTML
|   in the Python language.

.. 
   1  Introduction
   2  Documentation
   3  Download
   4  Mailing list
   5  Bug tracker
   6  License
   7  Old Versions


Introduction
------------

lxml is a Pythonic binding for the libxml2_ and libxslt_ libraries.  It is
unique in that it combines the speed and feature completeness of these
libraries with the simplicity of a native Python API, mostly compatible but
superior to the well-known ElementTree_ API.  See the introduction_ for more
information about background and goals.  Some common questions are answered in
the FAQ_.

.. _libxml2: http://xmlsoft.org
.. _libxslt: http://xmlsoft.org/XSLT

.. _introduction: intro.html
.. _FAQ:          FAQ.html


Documentation
-------------

The complete lxml documentation is available for download as `PDF
documentation`_.  The HTML documentation from this web site is part of
the normal `source download <#download>`_.

* ElementTree:

  * `ElementTree API`_

  * compatibility_ and differences of lxml.etree

  * `benchmark results`_

* lxml.etree:

  * the `lxml.etree Tutorial`_

  * `lxml.etree specific API`_ documentation

  * the `generated API documentation`_ as a reference

  * parsing_ and validating_ XML

  * `XPath and XSLT`_ support

  * Python `extension functions`_ for XPath and XSLT

  * `custom element classes`_ for custom XML APIs (see `EuroPython 2008 talk`_)

  * a `SAX compliant API`_ for interfacing with other XML tools

  * a `C-level API`_ for interfacing with external C/Pyrex modules

* lxml.objectify:

  * `lxml.objectify`_ API documentation

  * a brief comparison of `objectify and etree`_

lxml.etree follows the ElementTree_ API as much as possible, building it on
top of the native libxml2 tree.  If you are new to ElementTree, start with the
`lxml.etree Tutorial`_.  See also the ElementTree compatibility_ overview and
the `benchmark results`_ comparing lxml to the original ElementTree_ and
cElementTree_ implementations.

Right after the `lxml.etree Tutorial`_ and the ElementTree_ documentation, the
most important place to look is the `lxml.etree specific API`_ documentation.
It describes how lxml extends the ElementTree API to expose libxml2 and
libxslt specific functionality, such as XPath_, `Relax NG`_, `XML Schema`_,
`XSLT`_, and `c14n`_.  Python code can be called from XPath expressions and
XSLT stylesheets through the use of `extension functions`_.  lxml also offers
a `SAX compliant API`_, that works with the SAX support in the standard
library.

There is a separate module `lxml.objectify`_ that implements a data-binding
API on top of lxml.etree.  See the `objectify and etree`_ FAQ entry for a
comparison.

In addition to the ElementTree API, lxml also features a sophisticated API for
`custom element classes`_.  This is a simple way to write arbitrary XML driven
APIs on top of lxml.  As of version 1.1, lxml.etree has a new `C-level API`_
that can be used to efficiently extend lxml.etree in external C modules,
including custom element class support.

.. _ElementTree:  http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm
.. _`ElementTree API`:  http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm#documentation
.. _cElementTree: http://effbot.org/zone/celementtree.htm

.. _`lxml.etree Tutorial`: tutorial.html
.. _`generated API documentation`:   api/index.html
.. _`benchmark results`: performance.html
.. _`compatibility`: compatibility.html
.. _`lxml.etree specific API`: api.html
.. _`parsing`: parsing.html
.. _`validating`: validation.html
.. _`XPath and XSLT`: xpathxslt.html
.. _`extension functions`: extensions.html
.. _`custom element classes`: element_classes.html
.. _`SAX compliant API`: sax.html
.. _`C-level API`: capi.html
.. _`lxml.objectify`: objectify.html
.. _`objectify and etree`: FAQ.html#what-is-the-difference-between-lxml-etree-and-lxml-objectify
.. _`EuroPython 2008 talk`: s5/lxml-ep2008.html

.. _XPath: http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath
.. _`Relax NG`: http://www.relaxng.org/
.. _`XML Schema`: http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema
.. _`XSLT`: http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt
.. _`c14n`: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-c14n


Download
--------

The best way to download lxml is to visit `lxml at the Python Package
Index`_ (PyPI).  It has the source that compiles on various platforms.
The source distribution is signed with `this key`_.  Binary builds for
MS Windows usually become available through PyPI a few days after a
source release.  If you can't wait, consider trying a less recent
release version first.

The latest version is `lxml 2.1.2`_, released 2008-07-24
(`changes for 2.1.1`_).  `Older versions`_ are listed below.

Please take a look at the `installation instructions`_!

This complete web site (including the generated API documentation) is
part of the source distribution, so if you want to download the
documentation for offline use, take the source archive and copy the
``doc/html`` directory out of the source tree.

It's also possible to check out the latest development version of lxml
from svn directly, using a command like this::

  svn co http://codespeak.net/svn/lxml/trunk lxml

You can also browse the `Subversion repository`_ through the web, or
take a look at the `Subversion history`_.  Please read `how to build lxml
from source`_ first.  The `latest CHANGES`_ of the developer version
are also accessible.  You can check there if a bug you found has been
fixed or a feature you want has been implemented in the latest trunk
version.

.. _`lxml at the Python Package Index`: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/lxml/
.. _`this key`: pubkey.asc
.. _`Older versions`: #old-versions
.. _`installation instructions`: installation.html
.. _`how to build lxml from source`: build.html
.. _`Subversion repository`: http://codespeak.net/svn/lxml/
.. _`Subversion history`: https://codespeak.net/viewvc/lxml/
.. _`latest CHANGES`: http://codespeak.net/svn/lxml/trunk/CHANGES.txt


Mailing list
------------

Questions? Suggestions? Code to contribute? We have a `mailing list`_.

You can search the archive with Gmane_ or Google_.

.. _`mailing list`: http://codespeak.net/mailman/listinfo/lxml-dev
.. _Gmane: http://blog.gmane.org/gmane.comp.python.lxml.devel
.. _Google: http://www.google.com/webhp?q=site:codespeak.net%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Flxml-dev+


Bug tracker
-----------

lxml uses the `launchpad bug tracker`_.  If you are sure you found a bug in
lxml, please file a bug report there.  If you are not sure whether some
unexpected behaviour of lxml is a bug or not, please ask on the `mailing
list`_ first.  Do not forget to search the archive (e.g. with Gmane_)!

.. _`launchpad bug tracker`: https://launchpad.net/lxml/


License
-------

The lxml library is shipped under a `BSD license`_. libxml2 and libxslt2
itself are shipped under the `MIT license`_. There should therefore be no
obstacle to using lxml in your codebase.

.. _`BSD license`: http://codespeak.net/svn/lxml/trunk/doc/licenses/BSD.txt
.. _`MIT license`: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html


Old Versions
------------

See the web sites of lxml `1.3 <http://codespeak.net/lxml/1.3/>`_,
`2.0 <http://codespeak.net/lxml/2.0/>`_ and the `current
in-development version <http://codespeak.net/lxml/dev/>`_.

.. _`PDF documentation`: lxmldoc-2.1.2.pdf

* `lxml 2.1.1`_, released 2008-07-24 (`changes for 2.1.1`_)

* `lxml 2.1`_, released 2008-07-09 (`changes for 2.1`_)

* `lxml 2.1beta3`_, released 2008-06-19 (`changes for 2.1beta3`_)

* `lxml 2.1beta2`_, released 2008-05-02 (`changes for 2.1beta2`_)

* `lxml 2.1beta1`_, released 2008-04-15 (`changes for 2.1beta1`_)

* `lxml 2.1alpha1`_, released 2008-03-27 (`changes for 2.1alpha1`_)

* `lxml 2.0.8`_, released 2008-07-24 (`changes for 2.0.7`_)

* `lxml 2.0.7`_, released 2008-06-20 (`changes for 2.0.7`_)

* `lxml 2.0.6`_, released 2008-05-31 (`changes for 2.0.6`_)

* `lxml 2.0.5`_, released 2008-05-01 (`changes for 2.0.5`_)

* `lxml 2.0.4`_, released 2008-04-14 (`changes for 2.0.4`_)

* `lxml 2.0.3`_, released 2008-03-26 (`changes for 2.0.3`_)

* `lxml 2.0.2`_, released 2008-02-22 (`changes for 2.0.2`_)

* `lxml 2.0.1`_, released 2008-02-13 (`changes for 2.0.1`_)

* `lxml 2.0`_, released 2008-02-01 (`changes for 2.0`_)

* `lxml 1.3.6`_, released 2007-10-29 (`changes for 1.3.6`_)

* `lxml 1.3.5`_, released 2007-10-22 (`changes for 1.3.5`_)

* `lxml 1.3.4`_, released 2007-08-30 (`changes for 1.3.4`_)

* `lxml 1.3.3`_, released 2007-07-26 (`changes for 1.3.3`_)

* `lxml 1.3.2`_, released 2007-07-03 (`changes for 1.3.2`_)

* lxml 1.3.1, released 2007-07-02 (`changes for 1.3.1`_)

* `lxml 1.3`_, released 2007-06-24 (`changes for 1.3`_)

* `lxml 1.2.1`_, released 2007-02-27 (`changes for 1.2.1`_)

* `lxml 1.2`_, released 2007-02-20 (`changes for 1.2`_)

* `lxml 1.1.2`_, released 2006-10-30 (`changes for 1.1.2`_)

* `lxml 1.1.1`_, released 2006-09-21 (`changes for 1.1.1`_)

* `lxml 1.1`_, released 2006-09-13 (`changes for 1.1`_)

* `lxml 1.0.4`_, released 2006-09-09 (`changes for 1.0.4`_)

* `lxml 1.0.3`_, released 2006-08-08 (`changes for 1.0.3`_)

* `lxml 1.0.2`_, released 2006-06-27 (`changes for 1.0.2`_)

* `lxml 1.0.1`_, released 2006-06-09 (`changes for 1.0.1`_)

* `lxml 1.0`_, released 2006-06-01 (`changes for 1.0`_)

* `lxml 0.9.2`_, released 2006-05-10 (`changes for 0.9.2`_)

* `lxml 0.9.1`_, released 2006-03-30 (`changes for 0.9.1`_)

* `lxml 0.9`_,   released 2006-03-20 (`changes for 0.9`_)

* `lxml 0.8`_,   released 2005-11-03 (`changes for 0.8`_)

* `lxml 0.7`_,   released 2005-06-15 (`changes for 0.7`_)

* `lxml 0.6`_,   released 2005-05-14 (`changes for 0.6`_)

* `lxml 0.5.1`_, released 2005-04-09 (`changes for 0.5.1`_)

* `lxml 0.5`_,   released 2005-04-08

.. _`lxml 2.1.2`: lxml-2.1.2.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.1.1`: lxml-2.1.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.1`: lxml-2.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.1beta3`: lxml-2.1beta3.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.1beta2`: lxml-2.1beta2.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.1beta1`: lxml-2.1beta1.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.1alpha1`: lxml-2.1alpha1.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.8`: lxml-2.0.8.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.7`: lxml-2.0.7.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.6`: lxml-2.0.6.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.5`: lxml-2.0.5.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.4`: lxml-2.0.4.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.3`: lxml-2.0.3.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.2`: lxml-2.0.2.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0.1`: lxml-2.0.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 2.0`: lxml-2.0.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.3.6`: lxml-1.3.6.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.3.5`: lxml-1.3.5.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.3.4`: lxml-1.3.4.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.3.3`: lxml-1.3.3.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.3.2`: lxml-1.3.2.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.3`: lxml-1.3.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.2.1`: lxml-1.2.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.2`: lxml-1.2.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.1.2`: lxml-1.1.2.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.1.1`: lxml-1.1.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.1`: lxml-1.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.0.4`: lxml-1.0.4.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.0.3`: lxml-1.0.3.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.0.2`: lxml-1.0.2.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.0.1`: lxml-1.0.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 1.0`: lxml-1.0.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.9.2`: lxml-0.9.2.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.9.1`: lxml-0.9.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.9`: lxml-0.9.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.8`: lxml-0.8.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.7`: lxml-0.7.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.6`: lxml-0.6.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.5.1`: lxml-0.5.1.tgz
.. _`lxml 0.5`: lxml-0.5.tgz

.. _`changes for 2.1.2`: changes-2.1.2.html
.. _`changes for 2.1.1`: changes-2.1.1.html
.. _`changes for 2.1`: changes-2.1.html
.. _`changes for 2.1beta3`: changes-2.1beta3.html
.. _`changes for 2.1beta2`: changes-2.1beta2.html
.. _`changes for 2.1beta1`: changes-2.1beta1.html
.. _`changes for 2.1alpha1`: changes-2.1alpha1.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.8`: changes-2.0.8.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.7`: changes-2.0.7.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.6`: changes-2.0.6.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.5`: changes-2.0.5.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.4`: changes-2.0.4.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.3`: changes-2.0.3.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.2`: changes-2.0.2.html
.. _`changes for 2.0.1`: changes-2.0.1.html
.. _`changes for 2.0`: changes-2.0.html
.. _`changes for 1.3.6`: changes-1.3.6.html
.. _`changes for 1.3.5`: changes-1.3.5.html
.. _`changes for 1.3.4`: changes-1.3.4.html
.. _`changes for 1.3.3`: changes-1.3.3.html
.. _`changes for 1.3.2`: changes-1.3.2.html
.. _`changes for 1.3.1`: changes-1.3.1.html
.. _`changes for 1.3`: changes-1.3.html
.. _`changes for 1.2.1`: changes-1.2.1.html
.. _`changes for 1.2`: changes-1.2.html
.. _`changes for 1.1.2`: changes-1.1.2.html
.. _`changes for 1.1.1`: changes-1.1.1.html
.. _`changes for 1.1`: changes-1.1.html
.. _`changes for 1.0.4`: changes-1.0.4.html
.. _`changes for 1.0.3`: changes-1.0.3.html
.. _`changes for 1.0.2`: changes-1.0.2.html
.. _`changes for 1.0.1`: changes-1.0.1.html
.. _`changes for 1.0`: changes-1.0.html
.. _`changes for 0.9.2`: changes-0.9.2.html
.. _`changes for 0.9.1`: changes-0.9.1.html
.. _`changes for 0.9`: changes-0.9.html
.. _`changes for 0.8`: changes-0.8.html
.. _`changes for 0.7`: changes-0.7.html
.. _`changes for 0.6`: changes-0.6.html
.. _`changes for 0.5.1`: changes-0.5.1.html
